Cosmic Wisdom:
Astronomy in Ancient & Medieval India

The Rig Veda and later Vedic texts contain references to Nakshatras, which are divisions of the celestial path of the Moon (ecliptic) into 27 or 28 segments, each identified by a prominent star or asterism. This indicates precise observation of the Moon's cycle against background stars.

These Nakshatras formed the basis of the ancient Indian lunar calendar and were crucial for determining tithis (lunar days) and auspicious times for ceremonies.

Source: Rig Veda, Atharva Veda, IGNOU MHI-02.

Vedic texts describe the observation of solstices (Uttarayan, Dakshinayan) and equinoxes to accurately determine the length of the year and the seasons.

The concept of a lunisolar calendar was developed, where lunar months were reconciled with the solar year by adding intercalary months (Adhik Masa) to align ritualistic timings with seasonal changes.

Source: Vedanga Jyotisha.

Considered the earliest systematic Indian astronomical text.

• It outlines rules for calculating the positions of the sun and moon, determining the time for sacrifices, and understanding the motion of celestial bodies within a Yuga (cycle of 5 years).
• It contains formulas for calculating the length of day and night, the position of the solstices, and the tithis (lunar days).

Source: Vedanga Jyotisha, IGNOU MHI-02.

Source: Various astronomical texts, including Siddhanta Shiromani.

Islamic astronomy had its own rich tradition, often encapsulated in Zij (astronomical handbooks/tables). These texts contained tables for planetary positions, eclipses, and other astronomical calculations.

Indian astronomers (and later Mughal court scholars) interacted with Islamic astronomers, leading to the exchange of tables, instruments, and computational methods. For example, some Indian astronomers translated and used Zij tables, and conversely, Indian Siddhantas influenced Islamic astronomy.

Source: Satish Chandra - Medieval India, IGNOU MHI-02.

The Sultan of Delhi was known for his interest in astronomy. He established a special observatory in Delhi and encouraged the translation of astronomical texts. He also had a large water clock (Ghatiyantra) installed in his palace.

Source: Firishta's History, Satish Chandra - Medieval India.

UPSC CSE 2016:

With reference to the cultural history of India, the term 'Pancha Siddhantika' refers to:

• A) Five philosophical schools of ancient India.
• B) Five major astronomical treatises.
• C) Five systems of traditional Indian medicine.
• D) Five principles of Vastu Shastra.

UPSC CSE 2015:

In the context of ancient Indian history, which of the following statements about Aryabhata is/are correct?

1. He formulated the zero.
2. He argued that the Earth rotates on its axis.
3. He developed the concept of the decimal place-value system.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• A) 1 only
• B) 2 only
• C) 1 and 3 only
• D) 2 and 3 only

UPSC CSE 2017:

What were the major technological developments during the Gupta period? How did they contribute to the prosperity and cultural flourishing of that time?

UPSC CSE 2013:

How far do you agree with the view that the development of science and technology in ancient India was intrinsically linked with religious and philosophical developments? Illustrate with examples.

Question 1:

Consider the following statements regarding the advancements in astronomy during the Gupta period:

1. The concept of Earth rotating on its own axis was clearly articulated.
2. Detailed explanations for lunar and solar eclipses based on shadows were provided.
3. The use of large masonry instruments for accurate celestial observations became common.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• A) 1 only
• B) 2 and 3 only
• C) 1 and 2 only
• D) 1, 2 and 3

Question 1:

"The scientific explanation of eclipses and the theory of Earth's rotation by Aryabhata I represent a significant break from mythological understanding and reflect a truly scientific temper in ancient India." Discuss.