Introduction & Summary
The understanding and practice of Disaster Management (DM) have undergone a significant paradigm shift globally and in India, moving from a reactive, post-disaster, relief-centric approach to a proactive, pre-disaster, risk reduction and resilience-building approach.
This evolution, driven by lessons learned from catastrophic events and growing scientific understanding, has been shaped by a series of international frameworks, culminating in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR). Concurrently, India's own disaster management philosophy transformed from colonial-era Famine Codes to a holistic, development-integrated strategy, institutionalized by the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
This section explores this crucial evolution, highlighting key global milestones and India's parallel journey in building a more resilient nation.
Global Shift: From Reactive to Proactive
The international community's approach to disasters evolved gradually, recognizing that merely responding to disasters was insufficient and unsustainable. Explore the key milestones below.
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) (1990-2000)
Context: Launched by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolution 44/236.
Objective: To reduce, through concerted international action, loss of life, property damage, and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters.
Focus: Primarily focused on awareness-raising, scientific and technical cooperation, and sharing knowledge about natural hazards. It aimed to shift focus from relief to mitigation.
Significance: Laid the groundwork for a more systematic approach to disaster reduction and global cooperation. It helped create a global dialogue on DRR.
Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World (1994)
Context: Adopted at the first World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction in Yokohama, Japan, building on the IDNDR.
Objective: To move from a culture of reaction to a culture of prevention.
Key Principles: Emphasized that disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness are better than disaster response. Highlighted the importance of political commitment, community participation, and integrating DRR into sustainable development.
Significance: Marked a conceptual shift towards recognizing that DRR is part of broader development, not separate from it.
Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) (2005-2015)
Context: Adopted in Hyogo, Japan, in the wake of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. First comprehensive, 10-year global plan for DRR.
Goal: Substantially reduce disaster losses by 2015.
Five Priorities for Action
- Governance: Ensure DRR is a national and local priority.
- Risk Identification: Identify, assess, monitor disaster risks.
- Knowledge & Education: Use knowledge to build a culture of safety.
- Underlying Risk Factors: Reduce poverty, environmental degradation.
- Preparedness & Response: Strengthen for effective response.
Achievements: Increased political commitment, improved early warning systems.
Gaps: Limited integration into development, insufficient investment, limited focus on underlying drivers (e.g., climate change), weak accountability.
Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR) (2015-2030)
Context: Adopted at the third UN World Conference on DRR in Sendai, Japan, March 2015, succeeding HFA. Current global blueprint.
Goal: Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through integrated and inclusive measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience.
Nature: Non-binding but provides strong guidance.
Key Principles & Global Targets
Guiding Principles:
- Primary responsibility of the State.
- Shared responsibility with all stakeholders.
- Protection of persons and their assets.
- Build Back Better (BBB).
- All-of-society engagement.
- Multi-hazard and risk-informed.
Global Targets (A-G):
- Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030.
- Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030.
- Substantially reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global GDP by 2030.
- Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services.
- Substantially increase countries with national and local DRR strategies by 2020 (India achieved).
- Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries.
- Substantially increase availability of multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information.
4 Priorities for Action & Role of S&T
Priorities for Action:
- Understanding disaster risk.
- Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk.
- Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience.
- Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and "Build Back Better" in recovery.
Role of Science & Technology: Emphasizes evidence-based DRR, innovation, research, data collection, and early warning systems.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (2015)
Context: Adopted by the UN in 2015, alongside the Sendai Framework.
Core Idea: DRR is a cross-cutting issue critical for achieving sustainable development. Disasters can wipe out decades of development gains.
Specific Linkages with DRR
- SDG 1 (No Poverty): Target 1.5 calls for building resilience of the poor and reducing their vulnerability to disasters.
- SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities): Target 11.b promotes integrated policies and plans towards resilience to disasters.
- SDG 13 (Climate Action): Target 13.1 promotes strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards.
- SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals): Highlights global partnership for achieving the SDGs, including DRR.
- Other SDGs: DRR contributes to Zero Hunger, Good Health, Quality Education, Clean Water, etc.
Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2015)
Context: A landmark international treaty on climate change, adopted at COP21 in Paris, also in 2015.
Adaptation: Key component, aiming to strengthen societies' ability to adapt to climate change impacts, directly linked to DRR.
Loss & Damage Mechanism: Recognizes the need to address irreversible losses and damages caused by climate change (Operationalized at COP28, 2023).
Synergies with DRR
- Climate-Proofing: DRR measures are crucial for climate change adaptation.
- Mitigation: Reducing GHG emissions indirectly reduces the frequency/intensity of climate-related hazards, contributing to DRR.
- Integrated Planning: Promotes integrated planning for climate action and DRR.
Evolution in India: A National Transformation
India's journey in disaster management mirrors the global shift, often spurred by major catastrophes.
Pre-1990s: Famine Codes & Relief-Centric Approach
Famine Codes (Colonial Legacy): Primarily focused on famine relief and administration, reactive, aiming to manage agricultural distress and provide basic relief.
Relief-Centric: Overall approach was reactive, focused on providing immediate relief, rescue, and rehabilitation. Prevention and mitigation received minimal attention.
Sectoral Approach: Handled in silos by different ministries, lacking coordination or a holistic framework.
Post-1990s Paradigm Shift: Triggering Events
A series of major disasters exposed the inadequacies of the relief-centric approach and spurred a fundamental rethink.
- Latur Earthquake (1993, Maharashtra): Highlighted need for earthquake-resistant building codes and broader mitigation.
- Odisha Super Cyclone (1999): Underscored importance of early warning systems, shelters, coastal zone management, community preparedness.
- Gujarat Earthquake (2001, Bhuj): Catalyzed public and political will for comprehensive DM reform.
High Powered Committee (HPC) & National Committee on DM (NCDM)
High Powered Committee (HPC) (1999): Constituted under J.C. Pant after Odisha Super Cyclone.
Recommendations: Roadmap for holistic, integrated, proactive DM; emphasized institutional framework, dedicated law, and shift to mitigation.
National Committee on Disaster Management (NCDM) (2001): Under PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
Recommendations: Endorsed HPC, stressed comprehensive national DM plan, institutional reforms, community participation.
Impact: Recommendations formed basis for DM Act, 2005 and creation of dedicated DM authorities.
Integration into Five Year Plans
10th Five Year Plan (2002-2007): For the first time, explicitly recognized disaster management as a developmental concern, rather than just a relief subject. Advocated for multi-hazard approach, institutional strengthening, and community involvement.
11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012): Further integrated DRR into development planning, allocating specific funds and encouraging states to mainstream disaster management in their development programs. Emphasized building resilience.
Significance: Marked a crucial shift in India's planning philosophy, moving from reactive "response and relief" to proactive "mitigation and preparedness," embedding DRR into the national development agenda.
Disaster Management Act, 2005
The landmark legislation that provided the institutional and legal framework for disaster management in India. It mandated the establishment of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs), and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs), along with the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). This Act formally codified the paradigm shift from a relief-centric to a holistic, proactive, and multi-hazard approach, aligning India with global best practices in DRR.
Conclusion & Significance
The evolution of the disaster management paradigm, both globally and in India, reflects a crucial learning curve—from perceiving disasters as inevitable natural occurrences requiring only humanitarian aid to recognizing them as a result of the interaction of hazards with human vulnerability, requiring proactive risk reduction and resilience building.
The Sendai Framework provides the current global blueprint, emphasizing a multi-stakeholder, all-of-society approach. India's journey, catalyzed by major disasters and institutional reforms (DM Act 2005), increasingly aligns with this global vision, making DRR an integral part of its development narrative.
The ongoing challenge lies in effectively implementing these frameworks at local levels, investing adequately in prevention, leveraging science and technology, and addressing the new complexities posed by climate change and emerging threats to ensure truly resilient communities and sustainable development.
Prelims-Ready Notes
Global Shift (Reactive to Proactive)
- IDNDR (1990-2000): UN Decade, awareness, scientific cooperation.
- Yokohama Strategy (1994): Shift to prevention/mitigation, integrate into development.
- Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) (2005-2015): First 10-year plan. "Building Resilience." 5 Priorities for Action. Gaps: limited integration, insufficient investment.
- Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR) (2015-2030): Current blueprint. Non-binding.
- Goal: Prevent new, reduce existing, manage residual risk.
- 7 Global Targets (A-G).
- 4 Priorities for Action.
- Emphasis: Role of Science & Technology.
- SDGs (2015): DRR integrated cross-cutting theme. Links with SDG 1 (Poverty), 11 (Cities), 13 (Climate Action), 17 (Partnerships).
- Paris Agreement (2015): Adaptation, Loss & Damage mechanism. Synergies with DRR.
Evolution in India
- Pre-1990s: Famine Codes (colonial), Relief-Centric, Sectoral Approach.
- Post-1990s Paradigm Shift: Triggered by Latur Earthquake (1993), Odisha Super Cyclone (1999), Gujarat Earthquake (2001). Emphasis on Preparedness & Mitigation.
- High Powered Committee (HPC) (1999): J.C. Pant, roadmap for proactive DM.
- National Committee on Disaster Management (NCDM) (2001): PM Vajpayee, endorsed HPC, led to DM Act.
- 10th FYP (2002-07): First explicit inclusion of DM as a development concern.
- 11th FYP (2007-12): Further integrated DRR into development, building resilience.
- Disaster Management Act, 2005: Legal and institutional framework.
Summary Table: Evolution of DM Frameworks
| Framework | Period | Focus/Goal (Key Shift) | Key Mechanism/Output | Nature |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IDNDR | 1990-2000 | Awareness, Scientific Cooperation | Global dialogue | UN Initiative |
| Yokohama Strategy | 1994 | Prevention, Mitigation (from reaction) | Culture of prevention | Plan of Action |
| Hyogo Framework (HFA) | 2005-2015 | Build Resilience, 5 Priorities for Action | First 10-year global DRR plan | Non-binding |
| Sendai Framework (SFDRR) | 2015-2030 | Prevent new, reduce existing risk, Build Back Better, 7 Targets (A-G), 4 Priorities | Current global blueprint for DRR | Non-binding |
| SDGs | 2015-2030 | Integrated approach, DRR as cross-cutting | Specific DRR targets within SDGs | Global Goals |
| Paris Agreement | 2015 (Climate) | Adaptation, Loss & Damage, Climate-DRR synergies | Global climate action | Legally binding |
Mains-Ready Analytical Notes
From Reactive Relief to Proactive Resilience: Analyzing India's Paradigm Shift
Pre-1990s (Relief-Centric): Characterized by colonial-era Famine Codes, focusing almost exclusively on post-disaster response, rescue, relief, and rehabilitation. A reactive, crisis-management model with limited emphasis on prevention or mitigation. Sectoral responsibilities led to fragmented responses.
Catalyst for Change (Post-1990s): Major disasters like the Latur Earthquake (1993), Odisha Super Cyclone (1999), and Gujarat Earthquake (2001) exposed severe limitations, forcing a fundamental rethinking and leading to immense human and economic losses.
The Paradigm Shift (Proactive & Holistic):
- Institutionalization: HPC (1999) and NCDM (2001) led to the landmark Disaster Management Act, 2005, establishing statutory bodies (NDMA, SDMAs, DDMAs) and a dedicated force (NDRF).
- Developmental Integration: The 10th and 11th Five Year Plans explicitly recognized DM as a developmental concern, shifting focus from "relief mode" to "preparedness and mitigation mode."
- Emphasis on DRR & Resilience: Aligned with global frameworks (Hyogo, Sendai), prioritizing prevention, risk reduction, early warning systems, and building community and infrastructure resilience.
- "Build Back Better": Integrating disaster risk reduction into post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.
Achievements: Improved early warning systems, professionalized response forces (NDRF), enhanced public awareness, greater inter-agency coordination.
Challenges: Effective implementation at local level, adequate funding for mitigation, addressing differential vulnerabilities, mainstreaming DRR into all development decisions, coping with new/intensifying climate-related hazards.
The Sendai Framework for DRR: Global Blueprint & India's Strategy
Global Blueprint: SFDRR (2015-2030) provides a comprehensive, non-binding framework to substantially reduce disaster risk and losses. Emphasizes an all-of-society approach and prioritizes understanding risk, strengthening governance, investing in DRR, and enhancing preparedness for Build Back Better.
Implications for India's Strategy: India's DM strategy is largely aligned with Sendai Framework's priorities and targets.
- National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) 2016: Explicitly based on the Sendai Framework.
- Institutional Strengthening: Continuous efforts to strengthen NDMA, NDRF, and state-level bodies (Sendai Priority 2: Governance).
- Early Warning Systems: Significant improvements in meteorological forecasting (IMD) and last-mile connectivity for cyclones (Sendai Priority 1; Target G).
- Resilient Infrastructure: India launched the global Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) (Sendai Priority 3; Target D).
- Community-based DRR: Emphasis on empowering local communities.
- "Build Back Better": Principle guiding post-disaster recovery efforts.
Challenges in Implementation: Reducing economic losses, addressing urban flood vulnerability, ensuring adequate private sector investment in DRR. Climate change further complicates risk reduction.
Conclusion: SFDRR serves as a critical guiding document. India's active participation and leadership in initiatives like CDRI demonstrate its commitment to implementing the framework.
The Climate-DRR Nexus: Synergies and Challenges in India
Interconnectedness: Climate change is a major driver of disaster risk, intensifying frequency and severity of extreme weather events. CCA and DRR are intrinsically linked and mutually reinforcing.
Synergies:
- Resilient Infrastructure: Climate-proofing infrastructure directly contributes to DRR.
- Early Warning Systems: Benefits both DRR (immediate hazard response) and CCA (long-term climate impact forecasting).
- Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA): Protecting natural ecosystems provides natural buffers.
- Integrated Planning: Combining climate vulnerability assessments with disaster risk assessments.
Challenges in Integration (for India):
- Institutional Silos: Climate change action and disaster management often handled by separate departments.
- Funding Gaps: Separate funding streams, insufficient investment for integrated solutions.
- Long-term vs. Short-term Focus: DRR often immediate, CCA longer term.
- Data and Expertise: Lack of integrated data and specialized expertise.
- Loss and Damage: Irreversible climate impacts pose distinct challenges.
India's Efforts: NAPCC and NDMP recognize linkages. Emphasis on CDRI, renewable energy, and climate resilience.
Conclusion: Integrating CCA and DRR is crucial for India. Overcoming challenges through holistic frameworks and enhanced collaboration is essential for building genuine climate resilience.
Current Affairs & Recent Developments
G20 Working Group on DRR (2023)
During its G20 Presidency, India established the first-ever G20 Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction, leading to high-level principles on DRR in the New Delhi Leaders' Declaration. Emphasizes financing for DRR, EWS, resilient infrastructure.
Operationalization of Loss & Damage Fund (COP28, Dec 2023)
A landmark agreement at COP28 to operationalize a fund for financial assistance to vulnerable developing countries for irreversible climate-induced losses and damages. Highlights evolving nature of climate-induced disaster response.
Progress in Early Warning Systems
India continuously invests in enhancing multi-hazard EWS. Success in minimizing casualties during recent cyclones (e.g., Biparjoy June 2023, Michaung Dec 2023) testifies to IMD's improved forecasts and last-mile connectivity, aligning with Sendai Target G.
India's Leadership in CDRI
The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, launched by India, continues to expand its global reach, focusing on research, capacity building, and advocating for resilient infrastructure development globally. Aligns with Sendai Priority 3.
Focus on Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs)
Following events like the Sikkim flash floods (Oct 2023), renewed focus on understanding and mitigating GLOFs in the Himalayas. NDMA actively works on enhancing early warning and response for such hydrological hazards (Sendai Priority 1).
UPSC Previous Year Questions (PYQs)
Prelims MCQs
1. (2020) Which of the following statements correctly defines 'Disaster Risk Reduction' (DRR)?
(a) It is a comprehensive framework focusing only on post-disaster relief and rehabilitation.
(b) It is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of disaster.
(c) It primarily involves providing humanitarian assistance to affected communities during a disaster.
(d) It emphasizes responding to disasters through rapid mobilization of resources.
Answer: (b)
Hint: This directly tests the understanding of the paradigm shift from reactive relief to proactive risk reduction.
2. (2018) Consider the following statements with reference to the 'Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)':
1. It is a legally binding international agreement.
2. Its primary goal is to substantially reduce disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods, and health.
3. It emphasizes strengthening disaster risk governance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (b)
Hint: Tests knowledge of the current global framework, its goals, and principles. The framework is not legally binding.
3. (2017) Which of the following is NOT a major component of the 'Disaster Management Cycle'?
(a) Mitigation
(b) Preparedness
(c) Response
(d) Rehabilitation of historical monuments
Answer: (d)
Hint: This question tests the understanding of the traditional disaster cycle phases, which were the focus before the full paradigm shift.
Mains Questions
1. (2018) Discuss the contemporary challenges to disaster management in India. (15 Marks)
Direction: This question provides a direct opportunity to discuss how the paradigm shift is being implemented in India. Challenges include mainstreaming DRR into development, addressing underlying vulnerabilities, ensuring adequate funding for mitigation, and coping with new and intensifying climate-related hazards, which are all part of the evolving paradigm.
2. (2016) The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, the intensity of the earthquake does not increase. Discuss the contemporary challenges of earthquake preparedness and mitigation in India. (12.5 Marks)
Direction: This question tests the application of the proactive paradigm to a specific geological hazard. It demands analysis of preparedness and mitigation measures, reflecting the shift from just relief, and the challenges in implementing these proactive strategies in a vulnerable country like India.
Trend Analysis (Last 10 Years)
Prelims Trend
Earlier: Questions were often direct on identifying phases of the disaster cycle or simple facts about specific frameworks (e.g., year of Hyogo Framework).
Current Trend: Questions are increasingly conceptual and detailed, focusing on the specifics of the global frameworks (e.g., whether Sendai is legally binding, its targets/priorities). There's a strong emphasis on understanding the sequential evolution (IDNDR -> Yokohama -> Hyogo -> Sendai) and the synergies between DRR, SDGs, and Climate Change (Paris Agreement). Questions also test knowledge of India's parallel journey (e.g., Five Year Plan linkages, key committees).
Mains Trend
Earlier: Might have asked for a descriptive account of the disaster management cycle or general recommendations.
Current Trend: Questions are highly analytical and critical, often requiring evaluation of the effectiveness of this paradigm shift. Candidates are expected to:
- Analyze the 'why' and 'how' of the shift: Why it was necessary and how it has been implemented (e.g., institutional reforms, policy changes).
- Discuss the linkages: Between DRR, climate change, and sustainable development, and how frameworks like Sendai and Paris facilitate this.
- Evaluate India's progress: In adopting and implementing the proactive paradigm, citing specific schemes, policies, and committees.
- Identify persistent challenges: Despite the paradigm shift (e.g., funding gaps, local-level implementation, addressing underlying vulnerabilities).
- Integrate current affairs heavily: Recent policy decisions (G20 DRR Working Group), major disasters (testing the new approach), and international climate outcomes (Loss & Damage Fund) are crucial examples.
Overall: UPSC demands a comprehensive, nuanced, and policy-oriented understanding of how the disaster management paradigm has evolved to address the complexities of modern risks, both globally and in the Indian context.
Original MCQs for Prelims
1. Which of the following international frameworks for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) specifically adopted "Build Back Better" as a guiding principle?
(a) International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)
(b) Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World
(c) Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
(d) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)
Answer: (d)
Explanation: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) explicitly adopted "Build Back Better" as one of its key guiding principles for recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction, emphasizing the importance of reducing future risks.
2. The 10th Five Year Plan in India is significant for Disaster Management because it:
(a) For the first time, explicitly included Disaster Management as a developmental concern.
(b) Led to the establishment of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
(c) Introduced the concept of 'Disaster Management Cycle' in India.
(d) Implemented the recommendations of the J.C. Pant Committee.
Answer: (a)
Explanation: The 10th Five Year Plan (2002-2007) marked a crucial shift by treating disaster management as a developmental concern rather than merely a relief function. The NDRF was established under the DM Act 2005 (11th FYP period). The DM cycle concept predates it. J.C. Pant Committee's recommendations were incorporated into policy that then influenced the 10th FYP.
Original Descriptive Questions for Mains
1. "The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) provides an ambitious roadmap for global resilience, yet its effective implementation requires overcoming significant challenges, particularly in developing countries like India. Discuss the key priorities of the SFDRR and the major obstacles India faces in achieving its targets." (15 Marks)
Key Priorities for Action of SFDRR:
- Understanding disaster risk.
- Strengthening disaster risk governance.
- Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience.
- Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and "Build Back Better."
Major Obstacles India Faces in Achieving Targets:
- Capacity Gaps: Lack of adequate human and technical capacity at local levels.
- Funding Shortfalls: Insufficient public and private investment in proactive mitigation.
- Mainstreaming Challenges: Difficulty in truly integrating DRR into all sectoral development planning.
- Differential Vulnerability: Persistent socio-economic inequalities exacerbate risk.
- Climate Change: Escalating frequency and intensity of extreme weather events add complexity.
- Land-Use Planning: Challenges in enforcing strict regulations in hazard-prone areas.
- Inter-agency Coordination: Ensuring seamless coordination across various government agencies and non-governmental actors.
Conclusion: The SFDRR provides a robust framework. India has aligned its national strategy. However, achieving its ambitious targets requires sustained political will, greater financial commitment, enhanced institutional capacity, and a holistic, inclusive approach.
2. "The parallel adoption of the Sendai Framework for DRR, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2015 signifies a new era of integrated global governance. Analyze the synergies between these three frameworks and how they collectively shape India's contemporary approach to development and disaster management." (20 Marks)
Synergies Between the Three Frameworks:
- Common Goal of Resilience: All aim to build resilience across disaster risk, sustainable development, and climate change adaptation.
- Risk Reduction as Development: Reducing disaster risk (Sendai) is essential for achieving sustainable development (SDGs), as disasters can wipe out development gains.
- Climate Action as DRR: Climate change adaptation (Paris) involves many DRR measures. Climate mitigation indirectly supports DRR.
- Shared Principles: All emphasize inclusivity, multi-stakeholder partnerships, and science-based approaches.
- "Build Back Better": A core principle of Sendai, directly supports sustainable recovery linked to SDGs and climate resilience.
How They Collectively Shape India's Contemporary Approach:
- Integrated Planning: India's NDMP 2016 is based on Sendai, with efforts to integrate DRR into development schemes and climate action plans.
- Focus on Resilient Infrastructure: India's leadership in CDRI directly contributes to all three frameworks.
- Climate Finance Advocacy: India's push for climate finance is crucial for both mitigation and adaptation, essential for DRR targets and SDGs.
- Early Warning Systems: Continuous investment is vital for managing climate-related disasters and protecting populations.
- Sustainable Lifestyles: India's LiFE movement supports sustainable consumption, climate action, and DRR.
- South-South Cooperation: India promotes these integrated approaches through its partnerships.
Conclusion: The 2015 frameworks represent a powerful, integrated agenda. For India, leveraging their synergies is a fundamental imperative for ensuring its own sustainable development and contributing to global resilience.