Internal Security Index Explorer

1.1 Definition and Scope of Internal Security

• 1.1.1 Internal Security: Definition, Components (Law & Order, Public Order, Peace & Harmony, Counter-Terrorism, Counter-Insurgency, Cyber Security, Border Management, Disaster Management Linkages).
• 1.1.2 Distinction from Related Concepts:

  • National Security vs. Internal Security (Interdependence, Overlap).
  • Public Order vs. Law & Order (Constitutional perspective).
  • External Security (Defence) vs. Internal Security (Role of Armed Forces in internal security).
• 1.1.3 Constitutional and Legal Framework for Internal Security:

  • Seventh Schedule: Union List (Defence, CBI, Arms), State List (Police, Public Order, Prisons), Concurrent List (Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure).
  • Fundamental Rights & Internal Security: Balancing Article 19 (freedoms), Article 21 (Right to Life) with security needs. Judicial interpretations (e.g., Right to Privacy vs. Surveillance).
  • Emergency Provisions (Articles 352, 356, 360) and their implications.
  • Key Legal Statutes: Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Evidence Act, Specific Security Acts (UAPA, NIA Act, AFSPA).

1.2 Evolution of Internal Security Challenges in India

• 1.2.1 Historical Context and Pre-Independence Challenges: Colonial policies, Communal divisions, Early armed uprisings.
• 1.2.2 Post-Independence Challenges (1947-1980s):

  • Partition and Communal Violence.
  • Integration of Princely States (e.g., Hyderabad, Junagadh).
  • Linguistic Reorganization of States and associated conflicts.
  • Early Insurgencies: Naga insurgency, Mizo National Front.
  • Rise of Naxalism (1967 onwards).
• 1.2.3 Modern Challenges (1990s onwards):

  • Escalation of Cross-Border Terrorism (J&K, Punjab).
  • Growth of Left-Wing Extremism.
  • Emergence of Organized Crime and its nexus with terrorism.
  • New Dimensions: Cyber warfare, Radicalization via internet, Drone threats, Narco-terrorism.
  • Impact of Globalization and Technological Advancements on internal security.

1.3 Nature and Typology of Threats to Internal Security

• 1.3.1 State-Sponsored vs. Non-State Actor Threats: Definitions, Examples, Implications.
• 1.3.2 Traditional vs. Non-Traditional Threats:

  • Traditional: Terrorism, Insurgency, Communal Violence, Organized Crime.
  • Non-Traditional: Cyber Threats, Climate Change-induced conflicts, Resource scarcity conflicts, Pandemics, Disinformation/Information Warfare.
  • Hybrid Threats: Blurring lines between internal and external, state and non-state actors, conventional and unconventional tactics.
• 1.3.3 Root Causes and Drivers of Internal Security Challenges:

  • Socio-Economic Factors: Regional disparities, Poverty, Unemployment, Land alienation, Development deficit, Forest rights issues, Tribal exploitation.
  • Political Factors: Governance deficit, Corruption, Lack of institutional accountability, Political opportunism, Weak justice delivery system, Delays in conflict resolution.
  • Religious/Ideological Factors: Communalism, Radicalization, Extremist ideologies (e.g., Maoist, Separatist, Religious fundamentalism), Hate speech.
  • External Linkages: Funding, Arms supply, Training, Propaganda, Safe havens, State-sponsored proxy actors.
• 1.3.4 Inter-linkages:

  • Development-Security Nexus.
  • Governance-Security Nexus.
  • Economic-Security Nexus.
  • Climate Change-Security Nexus (as a threat multiplier).

2.1 Understanding Terrorism

• 2.1.1 Definitions and Characteristics: Legal (UAPA), Academic, International perspectives (UN). Key characteristics: Political motive, Violence against non-combatants, Psychological impact, Aim to coerce government/public, Non-state actors.
• 2.1.2 Typologies of Terrorism Relevant to India:

  • Cross-border Terrorism: State-sponsored (e.g., Pakistan-backed groups), Non-state (e.g., LeT, JeM).
  • Domestic Terrorism: Ethno-nationalist, Religiously motivated, Left-wing extremism (though covered separately, cross-over aspects).
  • Cyber Terrorism: Definition, Modus Operandi (data breaches, critical infrastructure attacks, propaganda, dark web use).
  • Narco-Terrorism: Definition, Golden Crescent, Golden Triangle, Linkages with terror funding, Drone delivery.
  • Lone-wolf Attacks: Definition, Challenges in prevention, Radicalization aspects, Online recruitment.
  • Bio-terrorism, Eco-terrorism (brief mention).
• 2.1.3 Causes and Drivers of Terrorism in India:

  • Political Grievances: Separatism, Autonomy demands, Political marginalization.
  • Socio-economic Factors: Perceived injustice, Lack of development opportunities, Unemployment leading to radicalization.
  • Religious Extremism and Ideology: Radicalization, Misinterpretation of religious texts, Global jihadist narratives (e.g., ISIS/Al-Qaeda influence), Communal polarization.
  • External Support: State sponsorship, Diaspora funding, Safe havens in neighbouring countries.
  • Technological Facilitators: Social media, Encrypted communication, Dark web, Cryptocurrency.

2.2 Major Terrorist Groups and Their Operations in India

• 2.2.1 Pakistan-sponsored Terror Groups:

  • Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT): Ideology, Major attacks (e.g., 26/11 Mumbai, Parliament Attack), Leadership, Current status, FATF implications.
  • Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM): Ideology, Major attacks (e.g., Pulwama, Pathankot), Leadership, Current status, UN designation.
  • Hizbul Mujahideen (HM): Focus on J&K, Local recruitment, Leadership, Decline in local commanders.
  • Other groups: Al-Badr, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) spillover effects.
  • Modus Operandi: Infiltration, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), Fidayeen attacks, Hybrid terrorists, Drone delivery of arms/drugs/explosives.
• 2.2.2 Global Terror Outfits and their influence in India:

  • Al-Qaeda (AQIS – Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent), Islamic State (ISIS/ISKP – Islamic State Khorasan Province): Ideological influence, Online/social media recruitment, Funding through illicit channels, Local cells.
  • Challenges: Return of foreign fighters, Lone-wolf radicalization, Use of encrypted apps.
• 2.2.3 Indigenous Terrorist/Extremist Groups:

  • Khalistan Movement: Historical context (Operation Blue Star), Revival attempts (Diaspora, external influence, social media), Security challenges in Punjab.
  • Remnants of Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI), Indian Mujahideen (IM).
  • Other regional/dormant outfits.
• 2.2.4 Urban Terrorism: Characteristics (high impact, civilian casualties), Challenges for security agencies (intelligence, urban terrain), Examples (e.g., Mumbai, Bengaluru, Delhi).

2.3 Impact of Terrorism on India

• 2.3.1 Human Cost: Loss of life, Injuries, Displacement, Psychological trauma (PTSD), Impact on children.
• 2.3.2 Economic Impact: Damage to critical infrastructure, Decline in tourism and foreign investment, Increased security spending (diversion of funds from development), Disruption of trade and economic activities.
• 2.3.3 Social Impact: Communal polarization, Fear psychosis, Erosion of trust between communities, Impact on education/health services.
• 2.3.4 Political & Governance Impact: Strain on democratic institutions, Erosion of rule of law, Challenges to federalism, Overstretching of security forces.

2.4 State Response to Terrorism

• 2.4.1 Legal Framework for Counter-Terrorism:

  • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967: Key provisions (designating individuals as terrorists, enhanced powers for investigation, property attachment, bail provisions), Amendments (2019 – individual designation), Debates and Criticisms (human rights concerns, potential for misuse, low conviction rates, judicial pronouncements).
  • National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act, 2008: Establishment (post-26/11), Mandate, Jurisdiction (cross-border, scheduled offences), Powers, Challenges.
  • Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime Act (MCOCA), 1999: Provisions (organised crime, terror acts), Application beyond Maharashtra, Debate on its efficacy and constitutionality.
  • Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), 1958: Provisions (use of force, arrest without warrant), Application areas (J&K, NE), Debates and Criticisms (human rights violations, alienation of local population), Recommendations of committees (Jeevan Reddy, Santosh Hegde), Recent partial withdrawals.
  • Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002 (link to terror financing).
• 2.4.2 Institutional Mechanisms:

  • National Security Council (NSC), National Security Advisor (NSA), National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS).
  • Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) and Subsidiary MACs (SMACs): Role in intelligence sharing, Real-time threat assessment.
  • National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID): Objectives (interlinking databases), Progress, Challenges (data privacy, technical hurdles, inter-agency coordination).
  • National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) - historical proposal, reasons for non-implementation.
  • Specific Units: NSG (National Security Guard), Special Forces of Army/Police, Commando units.
• 2.4.3 Counter-Terrorism Strategies:

  • Intelligence Gathering: HUMINT, SIGINT, OSINT, CYBINT. Challenges (fake news, deepfakes, encrypted communication).
  • Proactive Operations: Surgical Strikes, Cross-border raids, Enhanced surveillance, Intelligence-led operations, Elimination of terror leadership.
  • Capacity Building: Modernization of police forces, Training of security personnel, Use of technology (forensics, surveillance, data analytics, AI).
  • Coastal & Border Security: Integrated approach (CIBMS), Role of Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Police (covered in Module 7).
  • Anti-Radicalization and Deradicalization Programs: Counter-narratives, Community engagement (e.g., "Paigham-e-Mohabbat" in J&K), Rehabilitation programs, Role of educational institutions and civil society.
  • Financial Counter-Terrorism: CFT mechanisms, Role of FIU-IND, PMLA (covered in Module 6).
• 2.4.4 International Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism:

  • UN Counter-Terrorism Strategy (Pillars), UNSC Resolutions (e.g., 1267, 1373, 2610), UN Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC).
  • Financial Action Task Force (FATF): Role in AML/CFT, Grey List and Black List implications (e.g., for Pakistan).
  • Bilateral Agreements: Extradition Treaties, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs), Information sharing agreements.
  • Regional Mechanisms: SAARC, BIMSTEC, SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation), Quad Counter-Terrorism Working Group, BRICS.
  • Joint Exercises and Training programs.

3.1 Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) / Naxalism

• 3.1.1 Genesis and Ideology of Naxalism:

  • Historical Background: Naxalbari uprising (1967), Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal.
  • Maoist Ideology: "Peoples' War," "Protracted War," Area domination, Overthrow of existing state, "Urban Front."
  • Evolution of Groups: People's War Group (PWG), Maoist Communist Centre (MCC), Formation of CPI (Maoist) - 2004.
• 3.1.2 Causes for Spread of LWE:

  • Socio-economic Disparity: Failure of land reforms, Displacement by development projects (mining, dams), Tribal exploitation (land alienation, forest produce), Forest rights issues (implementation gaps in FRA 2006).
  • Governance Deficit: Lack of basic services (health, education, roads), Corruption, Weak justice system, Absentee administration, Lack of grievance redressal mechanisms.
  • Police Excesses and Human Rights Concerns: Impact on public trust, Alienation of local population.
  • Geographical Factors: Dense forests, Remote areas, Poor connectivity facilitating hideouts and operations.
  • Ideological vacuum and recruitment by Naxals using local issues.
• 3.1.3 Geographical Spread and Impact:

  • "Red Corridor": Evolution and current status (shrinking, but high impact in core areas), States affected (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh).
  • Impact on Development: Disruption of infrastructure projects (roads, schools, telecom), Displacement of locals, Fear, Loss of life and property.
  • Violence Statistics: Decline in overall violence, but continued high impact in specific districts.
• 3.1.4 Government Strategy to Combat LWE (SAMADHAN Doctrine):

  • S: Smart Leadership (of security forces).
  • A: Aggressive Strategy (operations, intelligence gathering).
  • M: Motivation and Training (of forces).
  • A: Actionable Intelligence.
  • D: Dash Board Based KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) & KRAs (Key Result Areas).
  • H: Harnessing Technology (for surveillance, communication, operations).
  • A: Action Plan for Each Theatre.
  • N: No Access to Financing (financial disruption).
  • Development Initiatives: Aspirational Districts Program (focus on LWE districts), Road Requirement Plan for LWE areas, Mobile Tower Project, Skill development, Bank linkages, Forest rights implementation, Eklavya Model Residential Schools.
  • Security Operations: Deployment of CAPFs (CRPF, CoBRA), State Police, Intelligence sharing, Unified Command structure.
  • Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy: Provisions, Challenges, Success stories, Linkage with mainstream.
  • Challenges: Sustaining development efforts, Winning 'hearts and minds', Inter-state coordination, Urban overground workers (OGWs), Funding through extortion.

3.2 Insurgencies in North-East India

• 3.2.1 Historical Roots and Diversity of Insurgencies:

  • Colonial Legacy: British administration policy, Delay in post-independence integration, Creation of artificial boundaries.
  • Ethnic Identity and Autonomy Demands: Naga nationalism (Nagalim), Bodoland, Greater Mizoram, Meitei identity.
  • Secessionist Movements: Demand for separate independent states.
  • Illegal Migration: Impact on demography, land rights, identity, resource competition.
  • Geographical Isolation and Economic Backwardness: Lack of connectivity, Poor infrastructure, Limited economic opportunities.
• 3.2.2 Major Insurgent Groups and Areas of Operation:

  • Nagaland: NSCN (IM), NSCN (Khaplang/K-Yung Aung), NSCN (Unification) - their demands, status of peace talks (Naga Peace Accord/Framework Agreement).
  • Assam: ULFA (United Liberation Front of Asom) - factions, peace processes; NDFB (National Democratic Front of Bodoland) - factions, Bodo Accord (2020).
  • Manipur: UNLF (United National Liberation Front), PLA (People's Liberation Army), Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL) - Meitei insurgency.
  • Tripura & Mizoram: NLFT, ATTF (Tripura) - largely resolved; Mizo National Front (MNF) - successful peace accord (1986) as a model.
  • Arunachal Pradesh & Meghalaya (lesser extent, spillover effects).
  • Modus Operandi: Extortion, Kidnapping, Arms trafficking, Cross-border camps and safe havens.
• 3.2.3 Challenges to Resolution:

  • External Support: Myanmar (Kachin region), Bangladesh (historical issues), Linkages with drug trafficking (Golden Triangle).
  • Inter-group Rivalries: Factionalism, Ethnic clashes among insurgent groups.
  • AFSPA Debate: Continued imposition in certain areas, Calls for repeal/review by civil society.
  • Funding: Extortion, Drug trade, Arms smuggling, Illegal cross-border trade.
  • Demographic Changes: Illegal immigration, Impact on local communities, Identity crisis.
• 3.2.4 Government Initiatives and Strategies:

  • Peace Accords and Ceasefire Agreements: Naga Peace Accord (Framework Agreement), Bodo Accord, Tripura, Mizo Accords – models of conflict resolution.
  • Infrastructure Development: Act East Policy, Bharatmala, Sagarmala, Connectivity projects (Road, Rail, Air, Inland Waterways, Telecom), Power sector projects.
  • Socio-economic Upliftment: North Eastern Council (NEC), Ministry of DoNER (Development of North Eastern Region) schemes, Skill development, Tourism promotion, Industrial development.
  • Border Management: Fencing, Integrated Check Posts (ICPs), Bilateral cooperation with Bangladesh, Myanmar to curb cross-border activities.
  • Surrender & Rehabilitation Policy: For mainstreaming surrendered militants.
  • Role of Assam Rifles: Counter-insurgency, Border guarding (dual control issues).
  • Reducing Areas under AFSPA: Recent progress in phased withdrawal.

3.3 Jammu & Kashmir: Separatism and Militancy

• 3.3.1 Historical Background and Evolution of the Conflict:

  • Accession to India (1947), Post-partition developments.
  • Article 370 and 35A: Historical context, Legal provisions, Socio-political implications, Debates on their continuance.
  • Political Developments in J&K: Elections, Autonomy demands, Erosion of trust, Rise of pro-Pakistan and separatist sentiments.
  • Rise of Militancy (1989 onwards): Influx of foreign terrorists, Radicalization, Funding from abroad.
• 3.3.2 Role of External Actors and Cross-Border Terrorism:

  • Pakistan's Proxy War: Training camps, Funding, Infiltration (LoC), Propaganda (information warfare, hybrid warfare tactics).
  • Designated Global Terrorists and Organizations: Hafiz Saeed (LeT), Masood Azhar (JeM), Dawood Ibrahim (organised crime-terror nexus).
  • Role of ISI and Pakistan Army in supporting militancy.
  • FATF Implications and international pressure on Pakistan.
  • Drone Incursions for arms/drug delivery.
• 3.3.3 Socio-Political Dimensions and Radicalization:

  • Radicalization of Youth: Online propaganda, Role of mosques/madrassas, Peer groups, Narratives of injustice.
  • Stone-pelting Incidents: Causes, Impact, Decline in recent years.
  • Hybrid Terrorists: New challenge - local recruitment, unlisted individuals, carrying out targeted killings.
  • Kashmiri Pandit Displacement and Rehabilitation efforts.
  • Impact of Internet shutdowns.
• 3.3.4 Government Approach and Initiatives:

  • Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A (August 2019): Constitutional aspects, Legal challenges, Impact on security, economy, society, and political landscape.
  • Reorganization of J&K (into UTs of J&K and Ladakh): Rationale, Implications for governance, administration, security.
  • Developmental Focus: PMDP (Prime Minister's Development Package), Investment summit, Tourism promotion, Employment generation schemes (Himayat, UDAAN), Industrial Policy, Ganderbal project.
  • Counter-Terrorism Operations: Zero-tolerance policy, Intelligence-led operations, Elimination of top commanders, Targeting terror ecosystem, Use of technology (surveillance, forensics).
  • Outreach Efforts: Youth engagement programs (PM-YUVA), Sports, Cultural programs, Panchayat elections (strengthening grassroots democracy), Integration efforts.
  • Delimitation Process: Objectives, Controversies, Impact on political landscape, Future elections.
  • Challenges: Sustaining peace, Addressing political vacuum, Economic revival, Countering propaganda and radicalization, Rehabilitation.

4.1 Definition and Characteristics of Organized Crime

• 4.1.1 Definition: Legal (e.g., MCOCA), UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC - Palermo Convention).
• 4.1.2 Characteristics: Hierarchical structure, Specialization, Use of violence/intimidation, Corruption of public officials, Global reach, Profit motive, Longevity, Rational calculation of risk vs. reward.
• 4.1.3 Transnational Organized Crime (TOC): Cross-border nature, Challenges for enforcement, Global networks.

4.2 Specific Types of Organized Crime Relevant to India

• 4.2.1 Drug Trafficking and Narco-Terrorism:

  • Major Routes Affecting India: Golden Crescent (Iran-Afghan-Pak), Golden Triangle (Myanmar-Laos-Thailand), African routes.
  • India's Vulnerability: Proximity, Transit point, Internal consumption, Use of drones for cross-border delivery.
  • Impact: Youth addiction, Health crisis, Funding terrorism, Border security challenge, Social breakdown.
  • New Trends: Synthetic drugs (MDMA, Amphetamines), Darknet trade, Cryptocurrency payments, Pharmaceutical diversion.
• 4.2.2 Human Trafficking:

  • Types: Sex trafficking, Forced labor/Bonded labor, Child trafficking, Organ trafficking, Begging.
  • Vulnerable Populations: Women, Children, Migrants, Indigenous communities.
  • Routes and Modus Operandi: Cross-border (Nepal, Bangladesh), Internal (rural to urban), Use of online platforms.
  • Impact: Gross human rights violation, Public health, Economic exploitation, Social stigma.
• 4.2.3 Arms Smuggling:

  • Illicit Arms Trade: Small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation, High-tech weapons.
  • Sources and Routes: Grey markets, Conflict zones, Porous borders, Sea routes.
  • Impact: Fueling insurgencies and terrorism, Street crime, Gang violence.
• 4.2.4 Counterfeit Currency and Cyber Frauds:

  • Fake Indian Currency Notes (FICN): Origin (Pakistan), Routes (Nepal, Bangladesh), Impact on economy (inflation, trust in currency), Terror financing.
  • Cyber Frauds: Phishing, Vishing, Smishing, BEC (Business Email Compromise), Lottery scams, Romance scams, Call center frauds (e.g., Jamtara model), Cryptocurrency frauds, Investment frauds.
  • Online Betting and Gambling: Nexus with organized crime and money laundering, Tax evasion.
• 4.2.5 Smuggling of Goods:

  • High-Value Goods: Gold, Diamonds, Electronics, Luxury items.
  • Natural Resources: Wildlife products (Pangolins, Tigers, Elephant tusks, Rhino horn), Red Sanders, Sand, Timber.
  • Antiquities and Cultural Property.
  • Impact: Revenue loss, Environmental damage, Funding criminal networks, Black market operations.
• 4.2.6 Extortion and Kidnapping for Ransom.
• 4.2.7 Illegal Mining and Sand Mafias.

4.3 Linkages of Organized Crime

• 4.3.1 Crime-Terror Nexus: Funding for terrorism, Logistics support, Expertise sharing (e.g., bomb making, illicit trade routes), Safe havens, Use of common networks.
• 4.3.2 Corruption and Organized Crime: Facilitation of illegal activities, Subversion of law enforcement and justice system, State capture, Political patronage.
• 4.3.3 Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs): Money laundering (covered in Module 6), Tax evasion, Capital flight.
• 4.3.4 Nexus with Drug Abuse & Social Evils.

4.4 State Response to Organized Crime

• 4.4.1 Legal and Institutional Framework:

  • PMLA (Prevention of Money Laundering Act), 2002 (detailed in Module 6).
  • NDPS Act (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act), 1985: Provisions, Amendments, Challenges in enforcement, Focus on rehabilitation.
  • MCOCA (Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime Act), 1999: As a model for other states (e.g., Gujarat Control of Terrorism and Organized Crime Act).
  • IT Act, 2000 (for cyber frauds).
  • Draft Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill: Key provisions, Challenges in enactment.
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; Customs Act, 1962.
• 4.4.2 Enforcement Agencies:

  • Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB): Mandate, Operations (e.g., Operation Samudra Gupta - tackling drug trafficking from sea), Coordination with international agencies.
  • Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI): Anti-smuggling operations, Focus on gold, drugs, arms.
  • Enforcement Directorate (ED): Money laundering, FEMA violations (detailed in Module 6).
  • Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), State Police CID, Economic Offence Wings (EOWs).
  • Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO): Corporate fraud investigation.
  • National Anti-Trafficking Bureau.
• 4.4.3 International Cooperation:

  • UNTOC (Palermo Convention): India's ratification, Implementation status.
  • Interpol: Red Corner Notices, Information exchange, Joint operations.
  • Bilateral Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) and Extradition Treaties.
  • Customs Mutual Assistance Agreements (CMAS).
  • Global efforts against Narco-trafficking (e.g., UNODC).
  • Regional cooperation (e.g., BIMSTEC, SAARC).
• 4.4.4 Challenges: Evolving modus operandi, Cross-border nature, Lack of skilled manpower, Corruption, Legal hurdles, Public cooperation.

5.1 Understanding Cyber Space and Cyber Security

• 5.1.1 Definition: Cyber Space, Cyber Security.
• 5.1.2 Importance: Digital India initiatives, Critical Infrastructure (CII), E-governance, Economy, Social life, National Defence.
• 5.1.3 Components of Cyber Security: Network security, Application security, Data security, Cloud security, IoT security, Operational Technology (OT) security, Human factor (awareness, training).

5.2 Cyber Security Threats and Vulnerabilities

• 5.2.1 Types of Cyber Attacks:

  • Malware (Viruses, Worms, Trojans, Spyware, Ransomware): Definition, Examples (WannaCry, NotPetya).
  • Phishing & Spear Phishing, Vishing, Smishing.
  • DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) Attacks.
  • Data Breaches and Data Theft (Personal, Financial, Strategic data).
  • Insider Threats.
  • Supply Chain Attacks (e.g., SolarWinds, Log4j vulnerability).
  • Zero-Day Exploits.
  • Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs): State-sponsored cyber espionage.
• 5.2.2 Advanced Cyber Threats and Warfare:

  • Cyber Warfare: State-sponsored attacks targeting critical infrastructure (e.g., power grids, financial systems, communication networks - Stuxnet, DarkEnergy/BlackEnergy, Triton).
  • Cyber Espionage: Theft of classified information, Economic espionage (theft of intellectual property).
  • Information Warfare: Misinformation, Disinformation, Fake news, Deepfakes, AI-generated content, Propaganda, Social engineering, Influence operations.
  • Cyber Terrorism: Use of cyber means to create terror, Disrupt services, Spread extremist ideology.
• 5.2.3 Vulnerabilities in India's Cyber Ecosystem: Human factor (lack of awareness, weak passwords), Software vulnerabilities, Legacy systems, IoT devices, Cloud misconfigurations, Open-source intelligence (OSINT) exploitation.

5.3 Impact of Cyber Threats

• 5.3.1 Impact on Critical Information Infrastructure (CII):

  • Energy Grid (recent attacks on Indian power plants).
  • Financial Sector (banking, stock exchanges, payment gateways - UPI, credit cards).
  • Telecommunications, Transport (Airports, Railways, Ports, Air traffic control).
  • Defence and Space Systems.
  • Healthcare (patient data theft, disruption of services).
  • Government services and databases.
• 5.3.2 Economic Impact: Financial losses, Business disruption, Reputational damage, Loss of intellectual property, Erosion of investor confidence.
• 5.3.3 Social Impact: Loss of privacy, Identity theft, Erosion of trust in digital systems, Psychological impact.
• 5.3.4 National Security Impact: Espionage, Sabotage, Erosion of strategic advantage, Erosion of public confidence in government.

5.4 Legal and Institutional Framework for Cyber Security in India

• 5.4.1 Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act): Key provisions (cyber crimes, e-governance, digital signatures, intermediaries' liability), Amendments (2008, recent proposed changes to intermediary rules).
• 5.4.2 National Cyber Security Policy 2013: Objectives, Key strategies (secure cyber ecosystem, incident response, R&D, human resource development), Challenges in implementation.
• 5.4.3 Institutional Architecture:

  • CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team): Mandate, Role in incident response, Advisory, Vulnerability coordination.
  • National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC): Protection of CII, Mandate, Audit.
  • National Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (NCCC) / Cyber Crime Portal (cybercrime.gov.in): Online reporting, Analytics, Coordination.
  • Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre).
  • National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC) under PMO.
  • Defence Cyber Agency, Tri-Service Cyber Agency.
  • State Cyber Cells, Cyber Police Stations (e.g., CCTNS - Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems).
• 5.4.4 Draft National Cyber Security Strategy (2020/2021): Key pillars (Secure, Resilient, Robust, Vibrant, Sustainable), Proposed changes and initiatives.
• 5.4.5 Data Protection Framework: Personal Data Protection Bill (2023) / Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023: Key provisions (data fiduciary, data principal, cross-border data flows, consent mechanism), Impact on privacy, business, and cyber security.

5.5 Challenges and Strategies for Cyber Security in India

• 5.5.1 Challenges: Skill gap (lack of trained professionals), Lack of awareness among citizens and organizations, Inter-agency coordination and information sharing, Jurisdictional issues (global nature of cybercrime), Attribution of attacks, Evolving threat landscape, Budgetary constraints, Digital divide (increasing attack surface with more users).
• 5.5.2 Strategies and Way Forward:

  • Capacity Building: Human resource development, Training, Research & Development (R&D) in cyber security, Public-private partnerships (PPP).
  • Technological Solutions: AI/ML in threat detection and response, Blockchain for secure transactions, Quantum computing implications (quantum-safe cryptography).
  • Robust Regulatory Framework: Updated laws, clear guidelines, Enforcement mechanisms.
  • Public-Private Partnership: Collaboration with industry, academia, startups for innovation and threat intelligence.
  • Awareness and Education: Digital literacy campaigns, Cyber hygiene promotion among general public and organizations.
  • Active Cyber Defence and Deterrence: Proactive measures, Offensive capabilities (debate on ethical implications).
  • International Cooperation: Bilateral agreements, UN efforts for cyber norms, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (India's stance and its implications), Global alliances against cyber threats.

6.1 Understanding Money Laundering

• 6.1.1 Definition: Legal (PMLA), Stages (Placement, Layering, Integration), Purpose (obscuring illegal origins of funds).
• 6.1.2 Methods and Modus Operandi:

  • Traditional Methods: Hawala System (informal value transfer), Structuring/Smurfing, Use of shell companies and front companies, Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML - over-invoicing, under-invoicing, phantom shipments).
  • Asset-Based Laundering: Real Estate, Art, Gold, Antiques, High-value luxury goods, Casinos.
  • Technology-driven Methods: Cryptocurrencies and Virtual Assets (anonymity, decentralization, regulatory challenges), Online Gambling and Betting, Darknet marketplaces.
  • Offshore Accounts and Tax Havens: Use of jurisdictions with weak regulatory oversight and secrecy laws.

6.2 Terror Financing

• 6.2.1 Sources of Terror Funding:

  • Legitimate Sources: Charities, Donations, Legitimate businesses (e.g., real estate, import/export, NGOs), Individual contributions, Crowd-funding.
  • Illicit Sources: Drug trafficking (Narco-Terrorism), Kidnapping for ransom, Extortion, Counterfeiting, Smuggling (arms, goods), Organized crime linkages (crime-terror nexus).
  • State Sponsorship: Funding and logistical support from hostile states.
• 6.2.2 Methods of Terror Financing: Small remittances, Hawala, Use of NGOs/charities (misuse), Cash couriers, Prepaid cards, Use of new technologies (e.g., cryptocurrencies, online platforms).

6.3 Impact of Money Laundering and Terror Financing

• 6.3.1 Economic Impact: Distortion of economy, Creation of parallel economy, Undermining financial integrity, Inflation, Reduced legitimate investment, Black money.
• 6.3.2 Social Impact: Fuelling corruption, Erosion of public trust in institutions, Increased crime, Social inequality.
• 6.3.3 National Security Impact: Funding terrorism and organized crime, Undermining state stability, Jeopardizing financial systems, Threat to democratic institutions.
• 6.3.4 International Reputation and Investment Climate.

6.4 Regulatory and Enforcement Framework in India

• 6.4.1 Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002:

  • Key Provisions: Definition of money laundering, Punishment (rigorous imprisonment, fines), Powers of attachment/confiscation of property, Burden of proof (reverse burden), Adjudicating Authority, Appellate Tribunal.
  • Amendments: 2005, 2009, 2012, Recent amendments (e.g., 2019 expanding definition of proceeds of crime, powers of ED, non-bailable offences).
  • Debates and Criticisms: Wide powers to ED, Reverse burden of proof, Human rights concerns, Low conviction rates despite high number of cases, Judicial scrutiny.
• 6.4.2 Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND):

  • Mandate: Receiving, Processing, Analysing, and Disseminating information relating to suspicious financial transactions (STRs - Suspicious Transaction Reports, CTRs - Cash Transaction Reports, NTRs - Non-Profit Organisation Transaction Reports, CCRs - Counterfeit Currency Reports).
  • Reporting Entities: Banks, Financial institutions, Intermediaries (brokers, real estate agents, jewelers).
  • Role in FATF assessments and international information exchange.
• 6.4.3 Enforcement Directorate (ED):

  • Mandate: Investigating offences of money laundering under PMLA, Violations of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA).
  • Powers: Summons, Search, Seizure, Provisional Attachment of property, Arrest.
  • Recent High-Profile Cases: Significance and impact.
• 6.4.4 Combating Financing of Terrorism (CFT) Measures: Dedicated cells, Coordination with intelligence agencies, Freezing of assets of designated terrorists.

6.5 International Cooperation in Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terror Financing

• 6.5.1 Financial Action Task Force (FATF):

  • Mandate: Setting standards and promoting effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats.
  • Recommendations (40 Recommendations + 9 Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing).
  • Mutual Evaluations: Assessment of countries' compliance.
  • Grey List and Black List: Implications for countries (e.g., Pakistan's removal from Grey List), India's role in advocating for global standards.
• 6.5.2 Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units: Facilitating international cooperation in the exchange of financial intelligence.
• 6.5.3 UN Conventions and Resolutions: UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988), UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC/Palermo), UN Security Council Resolutions on terror financing (e.g., 1267, 1373).
• 6.5.4 Bilateral and Multilateral Mechanisms: Information sharing agreements, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs), Extradition Treaties.
• 6.5.5 Challenges: Evolving methods of laundering, Lack of international consensus, Data sharing difficulties, Jurisdictional issues, Capacity of agencies in developing countries.

7.1 India's Land Borders

• 7.1.1 Overview: Length (approx. 15,106 km), Number of neighbouring countries (7), Diverse terrain (Himalayan mountains, plains, deserts, jungles, riverine areas).
• 7.1.2 Challenges in Land Border Management:

  • Porous Borders: Facilitating illegal infiltration (terrorists, insurgents), Smuggling (arms, drugs, FICN, humans, cattle).
  • Diverse Terrain: Difficult for effective patrolling, Fencing, and surveillance.
  • Cross-Border Crime: Drug trafficking (Narco-terrorism), Arms smuggling, FICN, Cattle smuggling, Human trafficking.
  • Illegal Immigration: Demographic changes, Strain on resources, Security implications (e.g., Rohingya, Bangladeshi migrants).
  • Border Disputes: India-China (LAC - Line of Actual Control, Eastern/Western/Middle Sectors), India-Nepal (Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura), India-Pakistan (LoC - Line of Control, International Border).
  • Radicalization and Propaganda: From across borders via social media and other means.
  • Climate Change Impact: Melting glaciers, Changing river courses impacting border demarcation and security.
• 7.1.3 Specific Border Challenges and Management Strategies:

  • India-Pakistan Border: LoC (heavy fencing, cease-fire violations, infiltration), International Border (IB - Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat - fencing, floodlights). Challenges: Cross-border terrorism, Drone infiltration, Smuggling, Tunnels. Management: Fencing, Floodlights, CIBMS, Anti-drone systems, Intelligence-led operations.
  • India-Bangladesh Border: Porous nature, Riverine areas, Illegal immigration, Cattle smuggling, Human trafficking, FICN. Management: Fencing (single/double), Riverine patrolling, Border Haats (legitimate trade), Joint patrolling, Bilateral mechanisms.
  • India-China Border (LAC): Undemarcated, High altitude, Harsh weather, Infrastructure development by China, Frequent transgressions, Doklam and Galwan standoffs. Management: ITBP, Mountain warfare training, Infrastructure development (roads, tunnels, forward airfields), High-altitude surveillance (drones, satellites), Diplomatic engagement.
  • India-Nepal Border: Open border, Facilitates illegal movement (FICN, human trafficking, arms smuggling, cross-border criminals). Challenges: Maintaining open border while preventing illegal activities, Growing anti-India sentiments. Management: SSB, Joint patrolling, Integrated Check Posts (ICPs), Border Area Development Programme (BADP).
  • India-Bhutan Border: Peaceful, Managed by SSB. Focus on economic cooperation, Security of the Chicken's Neck corridor.
  • India-Myanmar Border: Free Movement Regime (FMR - currently suspended), Difficult terrain, Linkages with NE insurgent groups, Drug trafficking (Golden Triangle). Challenges: Insurgent camps, Illegal mining, Smuggling. Management: Assam Rifles, FMR review, Bilateral cooperation, Joint operations.
• 7.1.4 Border Guarding Forces and their Roles:

  • Border Security Force (BSF): India-Pakistan, India-Bangladesh borders. Mandate (first line of defence), Ops (Anti-infiltration, anti-smuggling), Training.
  • Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): India-China border. High-altitude operations, Defence role, Disaster relief.
  • Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): India-Nepal, India-Bhutan borders. "Service, Security, Brotherhood," Civic action.
  • Assam Rifles: India-Myanmar border, Counter-insurgency in NE. Dual control (Defence/MHA) issues and debates.
  • Role of Indian Army in border defence.

7.2 India's Coastal and Maritime Security

• 7.2.1 Challenges to Coastal Security:

  • Long Coastline (7,516 km) and Extensive Island Territories (Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep).
  • Vulnerability to Maritime Terrorism (e.g., 26/11 Mumbai attacks).
  • Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea (e.g., in Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea).
  • Smuggling (arms, drugs, gold, contraband).
  • Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing.
  • Cyber threats to ports, shipping, and maritime infrastructure.
  • Coastal communities and their integration into security matrix (lack of awareness, socio-economic factors leading to complicity).
  • Climate change impacts (sea level rise, extreme weather events affecting coastal infrastructure).
• 7.2.2 Multi-layered Coastal Security Mechanism:

  • Indian Navy: Overall maritime security, Blue water capability, Deterrence, Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).
  • Indian Coast Guard (ICG): Coastal patrolling, Search & Rescue (SAR), Pollution response, Anti-smuggling, Coastal surveillance.
  • Marine Police (State Police): Jurisdiction up to 12 nautical miles, Coastal community engagement, Intelligence gathering.
  • Customs, Fisheries Department, Port Authorities (CISF for port security).
  • Technological Measures: Coastal Radar Chain, Automatic Identification System (AIS) network, National Coastal Guard Network.
  • Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR): Regional MDA.
• 7.2.3 Initiatives and Projects for Coastal Security:

  • Coastal Security Scheme (Phase I & II): Boats, Infrastructure, Training for Marine Police.
  • Sagar Prahari Bal (SPB): Naval commandos for force protection of naval assets.
  • National Committee for Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security (NCSMCS).
  • Project Sagar Mala: Port-led development, Coastal community development, Security implications.
  • Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) norms and their implications for security and development.
  • "Coastal Community Integration Programme" and "Chirag Scheme" to involve fishing communities.
  • Inter-state and Centre-state coordination.

7.3 Strategies for Effective Border Management (Overall)

• 7.3.1 Physical Barriers: Border fencing, Floodlights, Patrol roads, Obstacle systems.
• 7.3.2 Technological Solutions (Smart Borders):

  • Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS): Sensors, Radars, Cameras (thermal, night vision), Drones, Satellite imagery, Underground sensors for real-time surveillance and rapid response.
  • Anti-Drone Technology for detecting and neutralizing rogue drones.
  • GIS mapping for border demarcation and surveillance.
• 7.3.3 Institutional Strengthening:

  • Integrated Check Posts (ICPs): Facilitating legitimate trade, Regulating movement, Enhancing security checks, "One-stop" solution.
  • Border Area Development Programme (BADP): Infrastructure development (roads, bridges, schools, health facilities), Livelihood generation, Social welfare in border villages (reducing alienation, strengthening loyalty).
  • "One Border One Force" concept: Single agency responsibility for each border stretch (e.g., BSF for Indo-Pak/Bangla, ITBP for Indo-China).
• 7.3.4 Human Resource Management: Modernization of border guarding forces, Training, Equipment, Welfare of personnel, Stress management.
• 7.3.5 International Cooperation: Bilateral border management agreements, Joint working groups, Intelligence sharing, Coordinated patrolling, Cross-border counter-terrorism operations.
• 7.3.6 Challenges: Difficult terrain, Harsh weather conditions, Corruption, Human rights concerns, Coordination issues among multiple agencies (Army, BSF, State Police, Intelligence agencies), Funding constraints, Diplomatic complexities.

8.1 Role and Structure of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs)

• 8.1.1 Overview: History, Administrative Control (Ministry of Home Affairs - MHA), Distinction from Indian Army (Defence Ministry), Rank structure, Recruitment (UPSC CAPF AC, SSC GD).
• 8.1.2 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF):

  • Mandate: Main internal security force. Law and Order, Aid to Civil Power, Counter-insurgency (LWE, J&K, NE), Election duty, VIP protection (Parliament Duty Group), UN peacekeeping operations.
  • Special Units: RAF (Rapid Action Force - riot control, crowd management), CoBRA (Commando Battalion for Resolute Action - anti-Naxal jungle warfare), Mahila Battalions.
• 8.1.3 Border Security Force (BSF): (Detailed in Module 7: Border Management - Land Borders).
• 8.1.4 Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): (Detailed in Module 7: Border Management - Land Borders).
• 8.1.5 Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): (Detailed in Module 7: Border Management - Land Borders).
• 8.1.6 Central Industrial Security Force (CISF):

  • Mandate: Security of Critical Infrastructure (airports, seaports, public sector undertakings, government buildings, nuclear/space installations, heritage sites).
  • Fire Wing, Disaster Management Role, Consultancy services for industrial security.
• 8.1.7 National Security Guard (NSG):

  • Mandate: Elite counter-terrorism, anti-hijack, anti-sabotage force. Directly under MHA.
  • Black Cat Commandos (Special Action Group - SAG, Special Rangers Group - SRG).
  • Post-26/11 decentralization of hubs across India for rapid deployment.
• 8.1.8 Assam Rifles: (Detailed in Module 7: Border Management - Land Borders).
• 8.1.9 Other forces: National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) - role in disaster management (link to Module 10). Railway Protection Force (RPF).
• 8.1.10 Challenges Faced by CAPFs: Modernization of equipment, Training (psychological, technological), Stress management, Manpower shortages, Housing and welfare, Dual control issues (for AR).

8.2 Role and Structure of Intelligence Agencies

• 8.2.1 Intelligence Bureau (IB):

  • Mandate: Principal domestic intelligence agency. Counter-intelligence, Counter-terrorism, Anti-naxal operations, Border intelligence, Political intelligence, VIP security coordination.
  • History, Administrative control (MHA).
• 8.2.2 Research and Analysis Wing (RAW):

  • Mandate: Principal foreign intelligence agency. Foreign intelligence collection (HUMINT, OSINT, SIGINT), Covert operations, Counter-terrorism (external dimensions), Acquisition of strategic intelligence for policy making.
  • History, Administrative control (PMO).
• 8.2.3 National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO):

  • Mandate: Technical intelligence gathering (SIGINT - Signals Intelligence, IMINT - Imagery Intelligence, COMINT - Communications Intelligence), Cyber security research and development, Cryptology, Geo-spatial intelligence.
  • Advanced technology focus, Autonomous agency.
• 8.2.4 Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA): Coordinates military intelligence for the Indian Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
• 8.2.5 Challenges: Coordination among agencies, Modernization of technology, Legal framework (lack of clear legislative mandate for some), Oversight mechanisms, Human rights implications of surveillance.

8.3 State Police Forces

• 8.3.1 Structure and Functions: District police, Civil police, Armed police, Traffic police, Crime Investigation Department (CID), Special Branches.
• 8.3.2 Roles: Maintenance of Law & Order, Crime Investigation, Prevention of crime, Disaster management, VIP duties.
• 8.3.3 Challenges Faced by State Police:

  • Manpower shortage, Inadequate training, Modernization gap, Equipment deficiencies (weaponry, vehicles, forensics).
  • Political interference, Accountability issues, Lack of functional autonomy.
  • Stress and Welfare issues for personnel (long working hours, housing).
  • Police-Public Relations: Lack of trust, Perception of corruption/brutality, Need for image building.
  • Police Reform Debate: Prakash Singh vs. Union of India judgment (2006) - key directives (DGP selection/tenure, Police Establishment Board, State Security Commission, Police Complaints Authority, Separation of investigation and law & order). Status of implementation and challenges.
  • Community Policing: Initiatives and their effectiveness (e.g., Mohalla Committees, Traffic Wardens).
• 8.3.4 Modernization Initiatives: Police Modernization Scheme, Smart Policing, Technology adoption (CCTNS, drones, social media monitoring).

8.4 Investigating Agencies

• 8.4.1 National Investigation Agency (NIA): (Detailed in Module 2: Terrorism).
• 8.4.2 Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI):

  • Mandate: Premier investigating agency. Investigate corruption cases (Prevention of Corruption Act), Major economic offenses, Serious and organized crime, Special crimes referred by state governments, High Court/Supreme Court orders.
  • Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946 (basis of CBI).
  • Challenges: Political interference (CAG's "caged parrot" remark), Autonomy issues, Manpower, Infrastructure, Conviction rates, Credibility.
• 8.4.3 Enforcement Directorate (ED): (Detailed in Module 6: Money Laundering).
• 8.4.4 Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO): Corporate fraud investigation, under Ministry of Corporate Affairs.

8.5 Coordination Mechanisms and Challenges

• 8.5.1 Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) & Subsidiary MACs (SMACs): Role in real-time intelligence sharing, Threat assessment, Information fusion.
• 8.5.2 National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID): Objectives (interlinking databases of 21 organizations), Progress, Challenges (data privacy concerns, technical hurdles, inter-agency buy-in).
• 8.5.3 Challenges in Inter-Agency Coordination: Jurisdictional disputes, Information silos, Trust deficit, Lack of technical interoperability, Bureaucratic inertia.
• 8.5.4 Role of National Security Advisor (NSA) and National Security Council Secretariat in coordinating intelligence and security.
• 8.5.5 Unified Command Structure (especially in LWE, J&K, NE - bringing together Army, CAPFs, State Police).

9.1 Role of External State Actors

• 9.1.1 State-Sponsored Terrorism and Proxy Wars:

  • Pakistan: Direct/indirect support for J&K militancy (LeT, JeM, HM), Khalistan separatism, Cross-border drug/arms smuggling, FICN, Propaganda.
  • China: Border incursions (LAC), Support for NE insurgencies (historical), Cyber attacks on Indian infrastructure, Strategic encirclement (String of Pearls, CPEC), Dual-use technologies.
  • Other Neighbours: Spillover effects of instability, safe havens (e.g., Myanmar for NE groups, historical for LWE).
• 9.1.2 Funding and Arming of Insurgent/Terrorist Groups: Direct military aid, Arms supply, Financial support, Training.
• 9.1.3 Diplomatic, Economic, and Propaganda Pressure: Use of international forums (UN, OIC), Economic coercion, Information warfare, Disinformation campaigns, Media manipulation.
• 9.1.4 Grey Zone Warfare: Hybrid tactics below the threshold of conventional war (e.g., cyber attacks, maritime assertiveness, economic coercion, influence operations, proxy groups).

9.2 Role of External Non-State Actors

• 9.2.1 Transnational Terrorist Organizations:

  • Al-Qaeda (AQIS), ISIS/ISKP: Ideological influence, Recruitment (online, social media), Global networks, Financial support.
  • LeT, JeM (as international organizations): Fundraising, Global outreach, Ideological indoctrination.
  • Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs): Flow to/from conflict zones (e.g., Syria, Afghanistan) and their return.
• 9.2.2 Global Organized Crime Syndicates:

  • Drug Cartels: Golden Crescent, Golden Triangle, Narco-terrorism linkages, International drug routes.
  • Human Trafficking Networks: International routes and destinations, Nexus with prostitution, forced labour.
  • Arms Smuggling Networks: Supply to conflict zones and criminal groups.
  • Cyber Criminal Gangs: Ransomware groups, APTs (Advanced Persistent Threats) acting independently or with state patronage.
  • Dawood Ibrahim's D-Company: Organized crime-terror nexus, International financial flows.
• 9.2.3 International Radical Ideological Networks: Online platforms, Social media, Ideological indoctrination (jihadi, extremist narratives).
• 9.2.4 Role of Diasporas:

  • Support for separatism (e.g., Khalistan, Kashmiri groups): Funding, Political advocacy, Propaganda, Lobbying.
  • Challenges: Balancing freedom of speech with national security interests, Monitoring illicit financial flows.

9.3 Countering External Influence

• 9.3.1 Diplomatic Engagements: Bilateral dialogues, Multilateral forums (UN, SCO, Quad, BRICS), UNSC counter-terrorism resolutions, International conventions.
• 9.3.2 Intelligence Operations and Counter-Intelligence: Monitoring, Infiltration, Disrupting networks, Tracking illicit financial flows.
• 9.3.3 Legal Framework: Extradition treaties, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs), Sanctions regimes (UNSC listings, national designations).
• 9.3.4 Capacity Building: Modernization of security forces, Border security enhancements (CIBMS, anti-drone systems).
• 9.3.5 Strategic Communication and Counter-Narratives: Addressing hostile propaganda, Promoting national cohesion and resilience.
• 9.3.6 Economic Measures: FATF recommendations, Anti-money laundering, Counter-terror financing, Sanctions.
• 9.3.7 Cyber Diplomacy and Norms for Responsible State Behaviour in Cyberspace.

10.1 Radicalization and Use of Social Media

• 10.1.1 Definition of Radicalization: Process, Drivers (online propaganda, peer groups, socio-political grievances, perceived injustices, economic frustration).
• 10.1.2 Role of Social Media and Digital Platforms: Online recruitment, Propaganda dissemination (e.g., ISIS magazines, Maoist literature), Misinformation and Disinformation (fake news, deepfakes, AI-generated content), Echo chambers, Crowd-sourcing for attacks, Fund raising.
• 10.1.3 Countering Radicalization: Deradicalization programs (e.g., "Nayi Roshni" in J&K, "Operation Maa" in LWE areas), Counter-narratives (from government, civil society, religious leaders), Digital literacy, Fact-checking initiatives, Community participation, Role of educational institutions and parents.
• 10.1.4 Legal/Policy Response: Intermediary liability rules, Content moderation, Global cooperation with tech companies.

10.2 Impact of Emerging Technologies on Internal Security

• 10.2.1 Dual-Use Technologies (both security and threat potential):

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): For surveillance, Predictive policing, Threat detection, Data analysis, Facial recognition (ethical debates).
  • Big Data Analytics: For intelligence gathering, Pattern recognition, Behavioural analysis.
  • Internet of Things (IoT): Smart cities security, Vulnerabilities for cyber attacks (DDoS via IoT botnets).
  • Drones (UAVs): For surveillance, Delivery of weapons/drugs/explosives; Challenges for anti-drone systems and regulations.
  • Robotics: Autonomous systems for operations, Disarmament.
  • Space-based Assets: Satellite imagery, Communication, Navigation for security forces.
  • Biometrics: Aadhaar, Facial recognition, Iris scans (privacy vs. security debate).
• 10.2.2 Disruptive Technologies and their Implications:

  • Quantum Computing: Potential to break current encryption, Need for quantum-safe cryptography.
  • Dark Web and Cryptocurrencies: Anonymity for illicit transactions, Funding terror/crime.
  • 5G Technology: Increased attack surface, Faster data transfer for illicit activities.
• 10.2.3 Regulatory and Ethical Challenges: Privacy concerns, Surveillance laws, Bias in AI algorithms, Dual-use dilemma, Need for regulatory sandbox.

10.3 Rise of Communalism and Social Frictions

• 10.3.1 Definition of Communalism: Causes (historical, political, socio-economic), Impact on national cohesion and internal peace.
• 10.3.2 Hate Speech and Polarization: Online platforms, Role of political actors, Media, Foreign influence.
• 10.3.3 Inter-group Violence: Mob lynching, Riots, Challenges in law enforcement and justice delivery.
• 10.3.4 Role of State and Society: Promoting harmony, Inclusive growth, Strengthening secular fabric, Legal measures against hate speech (IPC sections), Community dialogue, Role of civil society organizations.

10.4 Resource Security and Environmental Conflicts

• 10.4.1 Water Conflicts: Interstate river disputes (e.g., Cauvery, Krishna), Transboundary water sharing (e.g., Indus Waters Treaty, Brahmaputra), Ground water depletion.
• 10.4.2 Land and Forest Conflicts: Land acquisition for development projects (displacement, rehabilitation issues), Forest rights issues, Illegal mining (sand mafias, stone quarries).
• 10.4.3 Climate Change as a Security Threat Multiplier:

  • Resource scarcity (water, food, arable land) leading to social unrest, migration, and conflict.
  • Extreme weather events (floods, droughts, heatwaves) increasing disaster burden, creating vulnerabilities, disrupting livelihoods.
  • Coastal erosion, Sea-level rise affecting populations and infrastructure, creating internal displacement.
  • Impact on border management and security due to changing geography.

10.5 Human Rights and Internal Security

• 10.5.1 Balancing Security Needs with Civil Liberties: Fundamental Rights (Art 19, 21, 22) vs. security measures (surveillance, preventive detention, special laws).
• 10.5.2 Key Debates:

  • AFSPA: Justification, Critics, Judicial pronouncements (Extra-judicial killings, encounter deaths), Calls for repeal.
  • Encounter Killings: Legality, Accountability, Fake encounters (NHRC guidelines, Supreme Court directives).
  • Custodial Violence and Deaths: Torture, Police brutality, SC/NHRC guidelines, Need for police reforms.
  • Surveillance: Pegasus spyware case, Right to privacy (Puttaswamy judgment), Legal framework for interception (IT Act, Telegraph Act), Oversight mechanisms.
  • Anti-Protest Laws, Sedition (Section 124A IPC) - debates on misuse and constitutional validity.
• 10.5.3 Role of Human Rights Bodies: National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), State Human Rights Commissions, Judiciary, Civil Society Organizations.
• 10.5.4 International Human Rights Conventions (UNHRC, ICCPR, CAT).

10.6 Prison Reforms and Correctional Services

• 10.6.1 Challenges: Overcrowding, Understaffing (custodial and medical), Poor infrastructure, Health issues (mental and physical), Radicalization/recruitment in prisons, High number of undertrials (awaiting trial), Lack of segregation.
• 10.6.2 Reforms Needed: Modernization of prison administration (Model Prison Manual 2016, All-India Prison Act), Digitization (e-prisons), Capacity building of staff, Rehabilitation and de-radicalization programs for inmates, Speedy trial for undertrials, Alternative dispute resolution, Open jails.
• 10.6.3 Link to Justice Delivery System: Role of Legal Services Authorities.

10.7 Disaster Management Linkages with Internal Security

• 10.7.1 Role of Security Forces: NDRF, SDRF, Army, CAPFs (CRPF, BSF, ITBP) in disaster response, search & rescue, relief operations, rehabilitation.
• 10.7.2 Security Implications during Disasters: Looting, Human trafficking, Law and order breakdown, Exploitation by criminal elements, Challenges in border areas (e.g., during floods, earthquakes), Disruption of critical infrastructure.
• 10.7.3 Preparedness for Natural and Man-made Disasters (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear - CBRN attacks, industrial accidents).
• 10.7.4 Inter-agency Coordination and Communication during disasters.