Electrical Engineering Syllabus Explorer

An Interactive Digital Guide for Paper I & Paper II Core Concepts.

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Welcome to the Syllabus Navigator

This guide provides a structured overview of the Electrical Engineering syllabus, covering both Paper I and Paper II. Dive into key topics, understand core principles, and explore the foundational elements that shape this dynamic field. Use the interactive elements below to navigate through each subject area.

Paper I Topics

1. Circuits—Theory

Components, network analysis, theorems, transient and steady-state response, resonance, 3-phase circuits, two-port networks.

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2. Signals and Systems

Signal representation, LTI systems, convolution, transforms (Fourier, Laplace, Z), sampling, DFT/FFT.

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3. E.M. Theory

Maxwell's equations, wave propagation, boundary conditions, reflection/refraction, transmission lines, Smith chart.

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4. Analog Electronics

Diodes, BJT, JFET, MOSFET characteristics & circuits, amplifiers, OPAMPs, filters, oscillators, power supplies.

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5. Digital Electronics

Boolean algebra, logic gates, IC families, combinational/sequential circuits, ADC/DAC, memories, programmable devices.

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6. Energy Conversion

Electromechanical principles, DC machines, transformers, 3-phase induction and synchronous machines.

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7. Power Electronics & Drives

Power semiconductor devices, rectifiers, converters, choppers, inverters, motor drive concepts.

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8. Analog Communication

Random variables, noise, AM/FM/PM modulation & demodulation, receivers, SNR analysis.

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Paper II Topics

1. Control Systems

Open/closed loop, feedback, LTI system analysis, stability (Routh, Nyquist, Bode, root-loci), compensators, PID, state-variable.

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2. Microprocessors & Microcomputers

PC organization, CPU, instruction set, timing, programming, interrupts, memory/IO interfacing, peripherals.

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3. Measurement & Instrumentation

Error analysis, measurement of electrical quantities, bridges, instruments (CRO, DVM), transducers.

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4. Power Systems: Analysis & Control

Transmission lines, power transfer, load flow, voltage/PF control, economic operation, faults, stability, HVDC.

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5. Power System Protection

Protection principles (overcurrent, differential, distance), relays, breakers, computer-aided protection, DSP.

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6. Digital Communication

PCM, DPCM, DM, digital modulation (ASK, PSK, FSK), error control coding, information theory, data networks.

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Paper I: 1. Circuits—Theory

Fundamentals of electrical circuits, analysis techniques, and network theorems.

Circuit Components & Network Graphs
  • Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors (ideal and practical)
  • Voltage and Current Sources (dependent and independent)
  • Network topology: Graphs, Trees, Co-trees, Incidence Matrix
  • Basic graph definitions: Nodes, Branches, Loops, Cut-sets
KCL, KVL & Analysis Methods
  • Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
  • Nodal Analysis: Formulation and solving
  • Mesh Analysis: Formulation and solving
  • Supernode and Supermesh techniques
Network Theorems & Applications
  • Superposition Theorem
  • Thevenin's Theorem
  • Norton's Theorem
  • Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
  • Reciprocity Theorem, Millman's Theorem, Tellegen's Theorem
Transient & Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
  • Transient analysis of RL, RC, and RLC circuits (first and second order)
  • Initial conditions, natural response, forced response, complete response
  • Sinusoidal steady state analysis: Phasors, impedance, admittance
  • AC power: Average power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor
Resonant Circuits, Coupled Circuits & 3-Phase
  • Series and parallel resonance: Resonant frequency, bandwidth, Q-factor
  • Coupled circuits: Mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling, dot convention
  • Balanced 3-phase circuits: Star and Delta connections, power measurement
Two-Port Networks
  • Z-parameters (Open-circuit impedance)
  • Y-parameters (Short-circuit admittance)
  • h-parameters (Hybrid)
  • ABCD-parameters (Transmission)
  • Interconnection of two-port networks

Key Concept: Network theorems simplify complex circuits into equivalent simpler forms, making analysis more manageable.

Paper I: 2. Signals and Systems

Representation and analysis of signals and linear time-invariant (LTI) systems.

Representation of Signals & Systems
  • Continuous-time (CT) and Discrete-time (DT) signals: Basic signals (unit step, impulse, ramp, exponential, sinusoidal)
  • Signal properties: Periodicity, symmetry (even/odd), energy/power
  • CT and DT systems: Properties (linearity, time-invariance, causality, stability, memory)
LTI Systems & Convolution
  • Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems
  • Impulse response: Significance and properties
  • Convolution: CT convolution integral, DT convolution sum
  • Properties of convolution
Time-Domain Analysis of LTI Systems
  • Solving differential equations for CT LTI systems
  • Solving difference equations for DT LTI systems
  • Block diagram representations based on convolution and differential/difference equations
Transforms & Transfer Function
  • Fourier Transform (CTFT & DTFT): Properties, applications
  • Laplace Transform: Region of Convergence (ROC), properties, inverse LT, solving differential equations
  • Z-Transform: ROC, properties, inverse ZT, solving difference equations
  • Transfer function: H(s) for CT systems, H(z) for DT systems
Sampling, Recovery & DFT/FFT
  • Sampling theorem: Nyquist rate, aliasing
  • Signal recovery: Ideal reconstruction, practical reconstruction
  • Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): Properties, circular convolution
  • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT): Decimation-in-time and decimation-in-frequency algorithms
  • Processing of analog signals through discrete-time systems

Conceptual Flow: LTI System Analysis

Input Signal x(t) / x[n]
LTI System (Impulse Response h(t) / h[n])
Convolution: y(t) = x(t) * h(t) / y[n] = x[n] * h[n]
Output Signal y(t) / y[n]

Alternatively, analysis can be done in frequency domain using transforms.

Paper I: 3. E.M. Theory

Principles of electromagnetic fields and wave propagation.

Maxwell’s Equations
  • Differential and integral forms
  • Constitutive relations (D-E, B-H, J-E)
  • Displacement current
  • Wave equation derived from Maxwell's equations
Wave Propagation in Bounded Media
  • Plane waves in lossless and lossy media
  • Skin depth, Poynting vector and power flow
  • Polarization of waves (linear, circular, elliptical)
  • Wave propagation in bounded media (e.g. waveguides - though not explicitly detailed, "bounded media" implies this)
Boundary Conditions, Reflection & Refraction
  • Boundary conditions for electric and magnetic fields
  • Reflection and refraction of plane waves at normal and oblique incidence
  • Snell's Law, Brewster angle, critical angle, total internal reflection
Transmission Lines
  • Transmission line equations, characteristic impedance, propagation constant
  • Lossless and low-loss lines
  • Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), reflection coefficient
  • Impedance matching: Quarter-wave transformer, stub matching
  • Smith Chart: Construction and applications
  • Travelling and standing waves

Important Note: The Smith Chart is a graphical tool crucial for solving transmission line problems and impedance matching.

Paper I: 4. Analog Electronics

Semiconductor devices, amplifier circuits, operational amplifiers, filters, and oscillators.

Diode, BJT, JFET, MOSFET Characteristics & Circuits
  • Diode: Characteristics, models (ideal, piecewise linear), Zener diode
  • BJT: Structure, operation, characteristics (input/output), Ebers-Moll model, biasing configurations
  • JFET: Structure, operation, characteristics, biasing
  • MOSFET: Structure (enhancement/depletion), operation, characteristics, biasing
  • Large-signal and small-signal equivalent circuits
Diode Circuits & Biasing
  • Clipping circuits (series, parallel, biased)
  • Clamping circuits (positive, negative, biased)
  • Rectifiers: Half-wave, full-wave (center-tapped, bridge)
  • Filters for rectifiers (capacitor, inductor, LC, Pi)
  • Biasing and bias stability for BJT and FET amplifiers
FET Amplifiers & Current Mirrors
  • Common Source (CS), Common Drain (CD/Source Follower), Common Gate (CG) amplifiers
  • Analysis of FET amplifiers (gain, input/output impedance)
  • Current mirror circuits (BJT and MOSFET based)
Amplifiers: Single & Multi-stage, Differential, Feedback, Power
  • Single-stage BJT amplifiers: CE, CB, CC configurations
  • Multi-stage amplifiers: Cascading, coupling methods (RC, transformer, direct)
  • Differential amplifiers: Operation, CMRR
  • Feedback amplifiers: Topologies (voltage-series, current-series, etc.), effect on gain, bandwidth, impedance
  • Power amplifiers: Class A, B, AB, C, D; efficiency considerations
  • Analysis of amplifiers; frequency-response of amplifiers: Low-frequency and high-frequency analysis, Bode plots
OPAMP Circuits, Filters & Oscillators
  • Ideal OPAMP characteristics, practical OPAMP parameters (offset, bias currents, slew rate)
  • Linear OPAMP circuits: Inverting/Non-inverting amplifiers, summer, subtractor, integrator, differentiator
  • Active filters: First and second order (LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF) using OPAMPs
  • Sinusoidal oscillators: Barkhausen criterion for oscillation
  • Single-transistor oscillators (Hartley, Colpitts, RC phase shift)
  • OPAMP-based oscillators (Wien bridge, RC phase shift)
Function Generators, Wave-Shaping & Power Supplies
  • Function generators: Square wave, triangular wave generation
  • Wave-shaping circuits: Schmitt trigger, multivibrators (astable, monostable, bistable)
  • Linear power supplies: Regulator circuits (series, shunt), IC regulators
  • Switching power supplies: Basic topologies (buck, boost, buck-boost)

Paper I: 5. Digital Electronics

Boolean algebra, logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits, memory and programmable logic.

Boolean Algebra, Minimization & Logic Gates
  • Boolean algebra: Postulates, theorems, De Morgan's laws
  • Minimisation of Boolean functions: Karnaugh maps (K-maps), Quine-McCluskey method
  • Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR; symbols and truth tables
  • Universal gates (NAND, NOR)
Digital IC Families
  • DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic)
  • TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic): Standard, Schottky, Low-power Schottky
  • ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic)
  • MOS Logic: PMOS, NMOS
  • CMOS Logic: Characteristics, interfacing
  • Comparison of logic families (fan-in, fan-out, noise margin, propagation delay, power dissipation)

Comparison of Logic Families (Illustrative)

Parameter TTL ECL CMOS
Propagation Delay Moderate (e.g., 10 ns) Very Low (e.g., 1-2 ns) Low to Moderate (varies)
Power Dissipation Moderate (e.g., 10 mW/gate) High (e.g., 25-50 mW/gate) Very Low (static), Freq. dependent
Noise Margin Good Fair Excellent
Fan-out Good (e.g., 10) Excellent (e.g., 25) Very High (e.g., >50)
Combinational Circuits
  • Arithmetic circuits: Adders (half, full, ripple-carry, look-ahead carry), subtractors, BCD adder
  • Code converters: Binary to Gray, Gray to Binary, BCD to Excess-3, etc.
  • Multiplexers (MUX): Design and applications
  • Demultiplexers (DEMUX) / Decoders: Design and applications
  • Encoders (Priority encoders)
Sequential Circuits
  • Latches (SR, D) and Flip-Flops (SR, JK, D, T, Master-Slave)
  • Counters: Asynchronous (ripple) and synchronous counters, up/down counters, ring counter, Johnson counter
  • Shift Registers: SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO, universal shift register
  • Analysis and design of synchronous sequential circuits: State diagrams, state tables, state minimization
Comparators, Timers, Multivibrators, ADC/DAC & Memories
  • Comparators: Magnitude comparators
  • Timers: IC 555 timer and its applications (astable, monostable)
  • Multivibrators (using gates or timers)
  • Sample and Hold circuits
  • Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs): Flash, successive approximation, dual-slope, integrating types
  • Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs): R-2R ladder, weighted resistor types
  • Semiconductor memories: RAM (SRAM, DRAM), ROM (PROM, EPROM, EEPROM), Flash memory
Logic Implementation using Programmable Devices
  • Read-Only Memory (ROM) based logic implementation
  • Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
  • Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
  • Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA): Architecture and applications

Paper I: 6. Energy Conversion

Principles of electromechanical energy conversion and analysis of rotating machines and transformers.

Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion
  • Force and torque in magnetic field systems
  • Energy balance, co-energy
  • Singly and doubly excited magnetic systems
  • EMF generation in rotating machines: Torque and emf in rotating machines
DC Machines
  • Construction, principle of operation (generator and motor)
  • Types of DC machines (separately excited, shunt, series, compound)
  • Characteristics (magnetization, load) and performance analysis
  • Starting methods for DC motors
  • Speed control of DC motors (armature voltage, field flux control)
  • Losses and efficiency
Transformers
  • Principle of operation, ideal and practical transformer
  • Equivalent circuit, phasor diagram
  • Voltage regulation, efficiency
  • Open-circuit and short-circuit tests
  • Autotransformers
  • 3-phase transformers: Connections (star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, delta-star), principles of operation and analysis, parallel operation
3-Phase Induction Machines
  • Construction, principle of operation, rotating magnetic field
  • Types (squirrel cage, slip ring)
  • Equivalent circuit, torque-slip characteristics
  • Performance analysis (power flow, efficiency)
  • Starting methods
  • Speed control methods
Synchronous Machines
  • Construction, principle of operation (generator and motor)
  • EMF equation, armature reaction, synchronous reactance
  • Voltage regulation (EMF, MMF, Potier methods)
  • Parallel operation, synchronizing
  • Power-angle characteristics, V-curves
  • Starting methods for synchronous motors
  • Speed control (typically frequency control for synchronous machines, characteristics and performance analysis)

Paper I: 7. Power Electronics and Electric Drives

Study of power semiconductor devices and their applications in converters and motor drives.

Semi-conductor Power Devices
  • Power Diode: Characteristics, types (general purpose, fast recovery)
  • Power Transistor (BJT, MOSFET, IGBT): Static characteristics, principles of operation, SOA
  • Thyristor (SCR): Structure, static characteristics, two-transistor analogy, turn-on/turn-off mechanisms
  • TRIAC: Structure, characteristics, operation
  • GTO (Gate Turn-Off Thyristor): Static characteristics, principles of operation
  • Power MOSFET: Static characteristics, principles of operation
  • IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor): Characteristics, operation
  • Triggering circuits for thyristors (R, RC, UJT based)
  • Protection of power devices (snubber circuits, overvoltage, overcurrent)
Phase Control Rectifiers (AC-DC Converters)
  • Single-phase half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with R, RL, RLE loads
  • Three-phase half-wave and full-wave rectifiers (bridge converters)
  • Fully-controlled and half-controlled bridge converters
  • Effect of source inductance, commutation
  • Dual converters
Thyristor Choppers & DC-DC Converters
  • Principles of thyristor choppers: Step-down (Buck), Step-up (Boost) choppers
  • Control strategies (Time Ratio Control - TRC, Current Limit Control - CLC)
  • Classification: Class A, B, C, D, E choppers
  • DC-DC Converters (Switch Mode Regulators): Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Cuk converters
Inverters (DC-AC Converters)
  • Principles of thyristor inverters: Series, parallel, bridge inverters
  • Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) and Current Source Inverters (CSI)
  • Single-phase and three-phase bridge inverters
  • Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques for harmonic control (Sinusoidal PWM)
  • Switch mode inverter concepts
Basic Concepts of Speed Control & Variable-Speed Drives
  • Speed control of DC motors using rectifiers and choppers
  • Speed control of AC motors (induction and synchronous) using inverters (V/f control, vector control basics)
  • Applications of variable-speed drives in industry

Paper I: 8. Analog Communication

Random signals, noise, and continuous wave (CW) modulation techniques.

Random Variables & Probability
  • Random variables: Continuous and discrete
  • Probability, probability functions (PDF, CDF)
  • Statistical averages: Mean, variance, standard deviation
  • Common probability models (Uniform, Gaussian, Rayleigh)
Random Signals and Noise
  • Random processes: Stationarity, ergodicity
  • Autocorrelation and power spectral density (PSD)
  • White noise: Properties, bandwidth
  • Noise equivalent bandwidth
  • Signal transmission with noise: Additive noise model
  • Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
  • Linear CW modulation: Amplitude Modulation (DSB-FC): Time domain, frequency domain, power relations, modulation index
  • Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC): Generation and detection
  • Single Sideband (SSB): Generation (filter method, phase-shift method) and detection
  • Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
  • Modulators and Demodulators for AM (e.g., square-law, switching, envelope detector, synchronous detector)
Phase (PM) & Frequency Modulation (FM)
  • PM and FM signals: Definitions, instantaneous frequency/phase
  • Narrowband FM (NBFM) and Wideband FM (WBFM)
  • Frequency deviation, modulation index for FM
  • Generation & detection of FM and PM (e.g., Armstrong method, frequency discriminator, PLL)
  • Deemphasis & Preemphasis circuits and their necessity
CW Modulation Systems & Receivers
  • Superheterodyne receiver: Principle, block diagram, intermediate frequency (IF), image frequency
  • AM receivers: TRF receiver, superheterodyne AM receiver
  • Communication receivers: Features (sensitivity, selectivity, fidelity)
  • FM receivers: Block diagram, limiter, discriminator
  • Phase Locked Loop (PLL): Basic operation, applications (FM demodulation, frequency synthesis)
  • SSB receiver
  • Signal to Noise Ratio calculation for AM and FM receivers (output SNR, figure of merit)

Study Focus: Relative Importance (Illustrative CSS Bar Chart)

This chart visually represents hypothetical relative study effort for key EE Paper-I areas. Actual importance may vary.

70%Circuits
85%Signals
60%EM Theory
90%Analog Elec.
80%Digital Elec.
75%Energy Conv.
82%Power Elec.
65%Analog Comm.

Paper II: 1. Control Systems

Analysis and design of feedback control systems, stability, and controller implementation.

Elements & Representations
  • Elements of control systems: Sensors, actuators, controllers, plants
  • Block-diagram representations: Rules for reduction
  • Open-loop & closed-loop systems: Comparison, advantages of closed-loop
  • Principles and applications of feedback
  • Control system components: Potentiometers, synchros, servomotors, tacho-generators
LTI Systems Analysis
  • LTI systems: Time-domain analysis (transient response specifications - rise time, settling time, peak overshoot)
  • Transform-domain analysis (transfer functions, poles, zeros)
  • Response of first-order and second-order systems to standard test signals
Stability Analysis
  • Concept of stability
  • Routh-Hurwitz criterion
  • Root-loci: Construction rules, analysis
  • Frequency domain analysis: Bode plots (gain margin, phase margin)
  • Polar plots
  • Nyquist’s criterion: Nyquist plots, stability analysis
Compensators & Controllers
  • Design of lead compensators
  • Design of lag compensators
  • Design of lead-lag compensators
  • Proportional (P) controllers
  • Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers
  • Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers: Tuning methods (e.g., Ziegler-Nichols)
State-Variable Analysis
  • State-variable representation of continuous-time systems
  • State transition matrix, solution of state equations
  • Concepts of controllability and observability
  • Analysis of control systems using state-space methods

Paper II: 2. Microprocessors and Microcomputers

Architecture, programming, and interfacing of microprocessors and microcomputer systems.

PC Organisation & CPU
  • PC organisation: Bus architecture, memory map, I/O map
  • CPU architecture (e.g., 8085/8086 as examples): Registers, ALU, control unit
  • Instruction set: Data transfer, arithmetic, logical, branch, machine control instructions
  • Register set: General purpose registers, special function registers (accumulator, program counter, stack pointer)
Timing, Programming & Interrupts
  • Timing diagram for instruction execution (fetch, decode, execute cycles)
  • Assembly language programming: Mnemonics, addressing modes, directives
  • Interrupts: Types (hardware, software), interrupt handling, ISR, interrupt vector table
  • Maskable and non-maskable interrupts
Memory & I/O Interfacing
  • Memory interfacing: RAM and ROM interfacing, address decoding
  • I/O interfacing: Memory-mapped I/O, I/O-mapped I/O (isolated I/O)
  • Data transfer schemes: Programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Programmable Peripheral Devices
  • Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI - e.g., 8255)
  • Programmable Interval Timer (PIT - e.g., 8253/8254)
  • Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC - e.g., 8259)
  • USART/UART (e.g., 8251) for serial communication
  • DMA Controller (e.g., 8237/8257)

Paper II: 3. Measurement and Instrumentation

Principles of measurement, error analysis, electronic instruments, and transducers.

Error Analysis & Basic Measurements
  • Error analysis: Types of errors (systematic, random, gross), accuracy, precision, resolution, sensitivity
  • Measurement of current: Ammeters (PMMC, MI, electrodynamometer), shunts
  • Measurement of voltage: Voltmeters (PMMC, MI, electrostatic), multipliers
  • Measurement of power: Wattmeters (electrodynamometer type), energy meters
  • Measurement of power-factor
Measurement of R, L, C & Frequency
  • Measurement of resistance: Low (Kelvin's double bridge), medium (Wheatstone bridge), high (Megger)
  • Measurement of inductance: Maxwell's bridge, Hay's bridge, Anderson's bridge
  • Measurement of capacitance: De Sauty's bridge, Schering bridge
  • Bridge measurements: General principles, null conditions
  • Measurement of frequency: Frequency meters, Wien's bridge
Signal Conditioning & Electronic Instruments
  • Signal conditioning circuits: Amplifiers, attenuators, filters, ADC/DAC (as part of instrument systems)
  • Electronic measuring instruments: Multimeter (analog and digital)
  • Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO): Block diagram, time base,lissajous figures, applications
  • Digital Voltmeter (DVM): Types (ramp, integrating, successive approximation)
  • Frequency counter: Principle of operation
  • Q-meter: Principle and applications
  • Spectrum analyzer: Principle and applications
  • Distortion meter: Principle and applications
Transducers
  • Classification of transducers
  • Thermocouple: Principle, types, applications
  • Thermistor: Principle, characteristics, applications
  • Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT): Principle, construction, applications
  • Strain gauge: Principle, types (bonded, unbonded), gauge factor, bridge configurations
  • Piezo-electric crystal: Principle, applications (sensors, actuators)

Paper II: 4. Power Systems: Analysis and Control

Performance, analysis, and control of electrical power systems.

Transmission Lines & Power Transfer
  • Steady-state performance of overhead transmission lines: Short, medium, long lines (ABCD parameters)
  • Performance of cables: Capacitance, insulation resistance, dielectric stress
  • Principles of active and reactive power transfer and distribution
  • Voltage profile, Ferranti effect, Corona
Network Representation & Load Flow
  • Per-unit quantities: Advantages and calculations
  • Bus admittance matrix (Y-bus): Formation
  • Bus impedance matrix (Z-bus): Formation (direct method, building algorithm)
  • Load flow studies: Formulation of load flow problem, Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson methods
Voltage Control & Economic Operation
  • Voltage control: Methods (tap-changing transformers, shunt capacitors/reactors, synchronous condensers)
  • Power factor correction: Causes and effects of low PF, methods of improvement
  • Economic operation: Economic dispatch, incremental cost curves, effect of transmission losses (B-coefficients)
Fault Analysis
  • Symmetrical components: Positive, negative, zero sequence components and networks
  • Analysis of symmetrical faults (3-phase short circuit)
  • Analysis of unsymmetrical faults: Single line-to-ground (SLG), line-to-line (LL), double line-to-ground (LLG) faults
System Stability & Advanced Concepts
  • Concepts of system stability: Steady-state, transient, dynamic stability
  • Swing equation, swing curves
  • Equal area criterion for transient stability
  • Methods to improve stability
  • Static VAR System (SVC): Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
  • Basic concepts of HVDC transmission: Types of links, advantages, limitations

Paper II: 5. Power System Protection

Principles and schemes for protecting power system components from faults.

Protection Principles & Relays
  • Principles of overcurrent protection: Time-current characteristics, coordination
  • Principles of differential protection: Biased differential relays, applications
  • Principles of distance protection: Impedance, reactance, Mho relays, zones of protection
  • Concept of solid state relays: Advantages, basic blocks
  • Electromagnetic relays: Attraction type, induction type
Circuit Breakers
  • Arc phenomena, arc interruption theories
  • Types of circuit breakers: Air break, air blast, oil, SF6, vacuum circuit breakers
  • Rating of circuit breakers (breaking capacity, making capacity, short-time rating)
  • Auto-reclosing
Component Protection
  • Protection of lines: Overcurrent, distance, pilot wire schemes
  • Protection of busbars: Differential protection, frame leakage protection
  • Protection of generators: Stator faults (differential, inter-turn), rotor faults, abnormal operating conditions (overload, overspeed, loss of excitation)
  • Protection of transformers: Differential protection (Buchholz relay, percentage differential), overcurrent, earth fault
Computer Aided & Numeric Protection
  • Computer aided protection: Introduction, hardware and software aspects
  • Numeric relays: Architecture, advantages over static/electromechanical relays
  • Application of DSP to protection: Algorithms for fault detection, location, and classification
  • Integrated protection and control systems

Paper II: 6. Digital Communication

Techniques for digital representation, modulation, coding, and transmission of information.

Pulse Modulation Techniques
  • Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Sampling, quantizing, encoding, regeneration, TDM
  • Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM): Principle, advantages
  • Delta Modulation (DM): Principle, slope overload, granular noise, Adaptive DM (ADM)
  • Comparison of PCM, DPCM, DM
Digital Modulation & Demodulation
  • Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): Coherent and non-coherent detection, bandwidth, BER
  • Phase Shift Keying (PSK): BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, coherent detection, bandwidth, BER
  • Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Coherent and non-coherent detection, bandwidth, BER
  • Comparison of ASK, PSK, FSK schemes
  • M-ary signaling schemes (brief concept)
Error Control Coding
  • Error detection and correction capabilities of codes
  • Linear block codes: Matrix representation, syndrome decoding, Hamming codes
  • Cyclic codes (brief concept)
  • Convolution codes: Encoder, state diagram, trellis diagram, Viterbi algorithm (conceptual)
Information Theory & Data Networks
  • Information measure: Entropy, mutual information
  • Source coding theorem, channel coding theorem (Shannon-Hartley theorem for channel capacity)
  • Source coding techniques: Huffman coding, Shannon-Fano coding
  • Data networks: LAN, WAN, MAN
  • OSI 7-layer architecture: Functions of each layer
  • Basic concepts of TCP/IP protocol suite

Conceptual Learning Path

A suggested progression through the core areas of Electrical Engineering Papers I & II.

Foundations (Paper I)

Start with Circuits, EM Theory, and Signals & Systems. These form the bedrock for more advanced topics in both papers.

Electronics (Paper I)

Dive into Analog and Digital Electronics, understanding semiconductor devices and their circuit applications.

Machines & Power Electronics (Paper I)

Explore Energy Conversion principles, DC/AC machines, transformers, and Power Electronic devices and converters.

Systems & Control (Paper II)

Build upon LTI systems with Control Systems theory, focusing on stability, feedback, and controller design.

Computation & Measurement (Paper II)

Understand Microprocessor architecture and programming, alongside Measurement techniques and instrumentation.

Communication Systems (Papers I & II)

Cover Analog Communication principles, then advance to Digital Communication techniques, coding, and networks.

Power Systems Applications (Paper II)

Apply foundational knowledge to Power System Analysis, Control, and Protection schemes.